Translating Malay Compounds into Arabic Based on Dynamic Theory and Arabization Method

This study aims at making possible the effective use of machine translation (MT) in interpreting the Malay compounds into Arabic ones following the structure and Arabic style. The necessity of this study arises on account of the weakness of translation quality using online MT and the lack of suitable methods to structure the compounds from the Malay language into Arabic. There are three objectives of this study which are to collect the results of Malay compound translations using online MT into Arabic, analyze the results of the compound translations, and suggest compound translation methods based on dynamic theory and Arabization method. The study uses three online MT as instruments to translate: Google Translate, Microsoft Bing Translator, and Yandex Translator. This qualitative study employs a descriptive approach and analysis method in collecting information and analyzing data. The study focuses on 15 Malay compounds which are later categorized into school names, hospital names, and clinics. The findings of translation have been drawn using the next three MTs and analyzed at three main level: namely grammar level, phonetics and phonology level, and dynamic translation level. From this analysis, 4 out of 15 compound nouns translations data into Arabic are categorized as poor translations for not approaching the structure and Arabic style. In the final stages, the results of the translation collected are formulated and suggested alternative translations based on dynamic theory and methods of Arabization and compound restructuring formula in Arabic. Through this process, the translation results of the compounds can be categorized as translations that can meet the structure and style of the Arabic language. The compound translation model can be proposed as a new translation method for Arabic language users, especially the Arabic translators and students both at school and higher education.


Introduction
This study presents the method of translating compound words online based on the Malay-Arabic language by using online translation machines. Compound nouns are formed when two or more basic words are broken down through a compounding process into onesentence form, leading to a change in the meaning and other functions. Compound nouns DEPARTMENT OF ISLAMIC THOUGHT AND CIVILIZATION Volume 11 Issue 1, Spring 2021 consist of two parts. The head is referring to as the core and the illuminator. The head (core) is on the left side of the compound word, while the illuminator is on the right side, which explains the function of the headword (core) of the compound word. For example, the word 'table' in the 'dining table' is the head of the compound word, while the word 'dining' is an illuminator that describes the function of the table as a place to eat. 1 However, the problem that arises while translating the extended structure of compound nouns into Arabic is placing the head and the adjectives. This problem arises on account of the use of compound nouns in Malaysia that were influenced by human names, cultures, shapes, properties, and colours.
The issues in structuring the long compound nouns occurred among school children from the point of writing skills and at the university when students have to translate the Malay language's compound nouns into Arabic. The process of structuring compound words in Arabic using appropriate methods is no longer known. Arabic word patterns still need to be studied. 2 There are no suitable elements and methods for forming Arabic words. Additionally, the existing compound nouns do not meet genuinely the Arabic style. For example, the International Islamic University of Malaysia has translated as ‫اإلسالمية‬ ‫الجامعة‬ ‫ماليزيا‬ ‫.العالمية‬ The translation carries a meaning that the readers can understand. Unfortunately, it is not according to the style of language used by the Arabs. Therefore this study aims to solve the problem in translating long compound nouns by introducing appropriate methods based on dynamic theory and Arabization method and further introduce the compound nouns structuring model that is closer to Arabic style. The translation activities that took place not only focused on the purpose of communicating but also supported efforts to disseminate knowledge and information to the community. Translation becomes a communication process that aims to channel the original knowledge to foreign readers. Effective transfer of knowledge and information accompanied by the rapid development of knowledge and economics to ensure that every layer of society can follow the development that occurs and then can take the opportunity to participate in national development efforts is a crucial factor in giving birth to a developed and optimistic country.
The translation replaces the original text written in one language with a text written in another language. 3 The original text in question is the source text, while the fiber text is the target text (target text). Juliane House (2013) states that when there is a process of replacement from the original text to the target text, the process is an interlingual translation that refers to translating the message in the source text into different languages. At the same time, intralingual translation (intralingua translation) focuses on text written in a particular language, then rewritten using other languages' variations. For example, to rewrite the message contained in the text written in old English into modern English. Substitutions that do not involve other languages but a non-linguistic expression (different semiotic systems) are called semiotic translations. This translation can be seen through poetry translated into dance form or picture. The diversity of these translations shows that the information or message to be conveyed focuses on translation from one language to another. Today, the methods or systems used in translation activities are becoming more widespread. The translation done today is not only dependent on human translation but also machines. This phenomenon can be seen when the technological world's speed helps humans produce the process of transferring a language to another language efficiently and quickly through online and electronic dictionaries and printed dictionaries. The use of machine-assisted translation software is no stranger is restricted to translators and is used widely. This machine-assisted translation software is accessible free of charge and saves time. The online translation and dictionary applications introduced today can be downloaded using a smartphone while facilitating translation activities. However, machine-assisted translation activities still have weaknesses and limitations in translating, especially in translating words, sentences, and phrases. Therefore, the phenomenon of language translation to Arabic requires further study to find a system or method suitable for translation to translate words, phrases, and sentences more accurately and that are suitable for oral and written sentences both.

Compound Word Study
Research related studies on compound words can be seen through a study under the preliminary heading study of lexical and semantic: compound words in Malay translation into Spanish. 4 This study focuses on translating compound words in the novel 'Mines Along the Road' which is translated from English to Spanish. This study uses the method JOURNAL OF ISLAMIC THOUGHT AND CIVILIZATION Volume 11 Issue 1, Spring 2021 introduced by Abdullah Hassan (2006) to classify compound words and the taxonomy of Vinay and Darbelnet (1995) to analyze translation strategies. The methods used to answer two issues exist regarding the type of compounds in languages other than English and Spanish and whether the relevant strategy is used to translate Malay compound words to Spanish. This descriptive study analyzes the data one by one to see the validity and elaboration using Abdullah Hassan's (2006) method to classify compound words and taxonomy Vinay and Darbelnet (1995) for translation strategy. The words of Malay compound in the book The Road Region will be studied and further seen to its translation in Spanish of the book entitled La Gente del Arrozal and English versions of the book titled No Havest but a thorn in the side of reference. All words that have been identified will be analyzed. This process is due to seeing the lexical changes and seeing the translator's strategies to convey the original text's relevant meaning.

Proper Noun Study
Studies related to the translation of proper nouns can be seen through a study on the translation of place names in Ibn Battuta's adventure book. 5 This study's research objective is to examine the records of the use of place names in Islamic history based on data from the corpus web of Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. The second objective is to analyze the translation of place names in a descriptive approach. Third, to assess the accuracy of the translation of place names in Islam's history from Arabic into Malay and formulating strategies to translate names from Arabic to Malay. The issues that underlie this problem are the different spelling of the same names, causing confusion among consumers and Malay's imbalance. This study uses 250 words from place names in Ibn Battuta's book and his translations collected from the Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka website and the national dictionary to assess Arabic pronunciation accuracy. The data were also analyzed using selected theories from James Dickens, Sandor Hervey, and Ian Higgins. The results show that the use of place-name translation is still low in Arabic.
The next study is a study about matching the translation of proper nouns places in France. 6 Based on the study, the researchers elaborated on matching the translation of proper nouns of places focusing on Islamic historical places in the French territory. The study notes that Islamic historical texts use nouns as frequently translated and written in different Malay versions. The existence of various spellings for a noun causes confusion and turbulence to the writer or reader, and there is even a hint that the name is the name of two different places. Examples are (1) (DBP) is used as a reference for the group gathered in the Malay language digital text database of books, magazines, newspapers, and ephemeral productions. The discussion results found 24 proper nouns in French territories mentioned in the Arabic Islamic historical works. The use of the proper nouns on French territory was unfamiliar when 10 of the 24 proper nouns only recorded by the record of its use by Malay users in Rumi in Data Corpus Library and Reference Centre of Malay Letters (PRPM), namely France, France, Rhone, Garrone, Bordeaux, Acquitaine, Lyon, Poitiers, Navarre, and the Alps. Out of 10 proper nouns, there are seven of them with matching records in KDBP and nine in PRPM. Meanwhile, six others were found in the records of both PRPM and KDBP, namely France, Rhone, Garrone, Bordeaux, and the Alps.

Translation Using Translation Machine Study
Next is a study about comparison between human translations with machine translation in technical text translation. 7 This study was conducted to examine the quality of human translation results with that of machine translation in translating technical texts. The aspects of similarities between human translation and translation will be identified and then the translation method will be scrutinized on basis of the choice of words used and subsequently formulate translation methods involving cultural elements by human translation and machine translation. The research method used is a qualitative study that makes Fitness 24/7 (2008) book, Active 24/7 (2008) book, and Google machine translation as the study sample. Data were analyzed descriptively using a semantic and communicative theory approach by Peter Newmark (1981). A translation method approach by Vinay and Darbelnet in Venuti (2000) and Veisbergs (1997) and a method guide to translating cultural elements by Ainon Mohd and Abdullah Hassan (2005) are also used. The findings show that the similarity between human translation and machine translation in translating technical texts is very low, i.e., 25%. Besides, machine translation uses many old translation methods to translate, which produces 75% compared to human translations that use old and new translation methods in a balanced way. Human translation can also translate the cultural elements found in the source text well following the target reader's culture.
The next study is that deals with the meaning of proper matching of computerized translation for the Arabic-Malay language. 8 The study of quality problems in translation arises because of the Google translation engine's weaknesses in translation and the absence of a practical machine translation to translate Arabic into Malay. This study focused on identifying the comparable data corpus for Arabic-Malay language. The data were collected, classified, and evaluated according to the level of meaning of the match. This study's computerized translation makes an open corpus of data offered by the online service and software corpus as Google website, Webcorp, Arabic corpus, and Database Malay DBP. Comparative data findings were then evaluated based on the five levels of equivalence Baker (1992): word-level, word combination, grammar level, textual level, and pragmatic narrative level. The quality of each of the five levels is then assessed based on three levels of Guidere (2002): strong compatibility, medium compatibility, and weak competence. The data will be evaluated for translation based on the same entity method and the same event introduced by Richard Spoart, Tao Tao, and Cheng Xiang Zhai (2006). The results showed that many comparable data that can be categorized have proper matching indigo Arabic-English translation, meaning the filtering result.

Arabization Study
The next study discusses the words in the textbook of Biology in the third year of high school and how Arabization is applied to scientific terms in the subject book. 9 This qualitative study's design uses the literature method and observes a research methodology that produces descriptive data in the form of terms written from books related to the study. Observations are conducted to know the scientific terms contained in the Biology subject book that has been exploited or narrated and how the process of Arabization takes place using Fiqh Lughah, which will explain the changes that occur in the terms that have been glorified or narrated in terms of letter change, vocalisation, letter addition, and subtraction. The results of the study show that ten scientific terms have been manipulated or narrated, namely the word Thylakoids ‫,)ايالكويدات(‬ Grana ‫,)غرانا(‬ Electron ‫,)إلكترون(‬ Robisco ‫,)روبيسكو(‬ Crassulacean ‫,)كروسيليسي(‬ Crebs ‫,)كربس(‬ Chromosomes ( ‫,)الكروموسومات‬ Chromatin ‫,)الكروماتين(‬ Adenosine ‫)األدينوسين(‬ and Adenine ‫.)األدينين(‬ Changes that occur to these terms are described as the addition, subtraction, and use of letters according to the appropriateness of the term's sound and pronunciation.
The next study is a study on phonological changes in Arabization on the al-Jazeera photography rubric. 10 The study was conducted to further study of the word absorption in photography used by al-Jazeera online media. This study focuses on the Arabization of words or terms from foreign languages into Arabic using phonological analysis. This theory helps researchers analyze writing resulting from phonological adaptations in the absorption of foreign vocabulary on photography found in al-Jazeera online media. The study results show that some vocabularies are considered to have phonetic assimilation and 9 Hilda Dimyati Asmara, "Arabization of Scientific Terms in Biology Textbook for Grade 3 SMA," Alfaz: Arabic Literatures for Academic Zealots. phonemic assimilation. Phonetic assimilation occurs because the phoneme change in the word is still in the allophone of a phoneme as it happens in the word Liverpool ( ‫)ليفربول‬ when there is a change of phoneme / p / into / b / or ( ‫ب‬ ). The change belongs to the phonetic assimilation because the change that occurs is still within the scope of the phoneme's alfon, namely the phoneme / b /. In comparison, phonemic assimilation occurs when a change in the phoneme is an alphabet of a different phoneme as in the word Facebook ( ‫)فسبوك‬ when there is a change in the phoneme / c / to / s / or ‫.)س(‬ These changes are two different phoneme groups, so-referred to as phonemic assimilation. In addition, there are some changes in the vocal phoneme by changing the vowel phonemes / e / and / o / in foreign vocabulary into the vowel phonemes / i / and / u / when translated. The Arabic foreign vocabulary also undergoes the addition of long vowels / ã /, / ĩ /, and / ũ / following the Arabic method.
Based on the previous study mentioned above, this study found that the translation of compound nouns requires a more specific translation method for following the Arabic style. Compound words are formed through a process of merging that leads to a specific meaning. Therefore, translating compound nouns into Arabic requires special techniques. To some extent, discontinuation from the previous study helped this study achieve the objectives and answer the research questions.

Methodology
This study employed a qualitative method that focuses on methods of analyzing content to collect and analyze data. This method was used descriptively and applied through a dynamic translation theory approach introduced by Nida (1964) in translating compound nouns. This dynamic translation method was used by highlighting the meaning of the original text to be conveyed and the effect of reading according to the cultural context of the recipient, which was the target language. 11 This translation process should be natural and go through three phases: analyzing, transferring messages, and restructuring the grammar of the target language. The meaning understood were transferred to the target language after a source text was interpreted through restructuring grammar according to the target language. The primary purpose of this method was to convey the best possible text message to the target reader.
The study focused on 15 data sets of compound nouns, which were later classified into school names, hospital names, and clinics. The translation findings using the three MTs were further analyzed on the basis of three main points, namely the level of grammar, the level of Arabization (phonetics and phonology), and the level of dynamic translation. This study used machine translation Google, Microsoft Bing, and Yandex as the main instrument to translate compound nouns from Malay to Arabic. The translation was then revised and restructured using the compound noun structuring method provided. At the same time, JOURNAL OF ISLAMIC THOUGHT AND CIVILIZATION Volume 11 Issue 1, Spring 2021 compound nouns, which contained foreign words that were not contained in Arabic, were applied to Arabization. Arabization is defined as a word derived from a foreign language taken into Arabic by making various changes, either by reducing letters, adding letters, or replacing letters to form Arabic words. 12 The process of transferring or absorbing a foreign word is dictated according to the suitability of the morphological and phonological patterns of the Arabic language based on the appropriate transliteration reference.
While the method for structuring compound noun, which is translated into Arabic, is based on the compound noun structuring formula provided under the Arabic style. The method can help students at school and students at the university level to structure compound nouns more easily. In figure 2 below, the following is a formula for structuring a long compound noun for Malay-Arabic. A compound noun must consist of two main components, namely head (core) and illuminator. In contrast to the structuring of a compound noun into Arabic, the head (core) will be used as an alternate or noun and its description will be used as an adjective. Adjective contained in the compound noun will follow the state of the noun ‫)االسم(‬ in the prescribe box ‫)الموصوف(‬ either in the form of male or female. The structuring will begin by inserting the general noun ‫,)االسم(‬ which then needs to be presented with the proper noun after it. In contrast, the adjectives are structured from general to specific according to the compound nouns' unique nature compared to the others.

Results
The collection of results of compound noun translation using selected online translation machines show that the existing compound nouns are structured or translated literally or directly and not according to the Arabic language style. The table below shows the results of the compound noun collected and the result of its translations into Arabic: 12    As the table above shows, this study found that the translation of compound nouns in the Malay language that translates to the target language, Arabic, is different for each machine translation. Some errors can be identified, especially from the point of view of translation level and ta 'rib level. Errors in translating produced using machine translation show that the machine translation still has weaknesses and limitations in producing perfect and quality translation results. The study found that the Yandex translation machine failed in translating compound nouns into Arabic as a result of 9 out of 15 translation results are still in the form of the source text language compared to Google's Google and Microsoft's Bing translation machines. The study targeted translation into Arabic, but Yandex's translation engine failed to do so. However, some of the other compound nouns are successfully translated well and close to the Arabic style.
The proposed translation of Malay-Arab compound nouns is based on dynamic theory, methods of ta 'rib, and compound noun restructuring formula. The proposed translation is as follows: DEPARTMENT OF ISLAMIC THOUGHT AND CIVILIZATION Volume 11 Issue 1, Spring 2021

Conclusion
Malay-Arabic compound noun translation using online machine translation still needs to be consistent and repairing to the Arabic style. Translation activities are easier with the help of translation machines, but the processes and methods to structure compound nouns in Arabic still require study and training. This situation clearly shows that machine translation activities still need the help of manpower by combining machine energy and manpower in translation is a practical proposal. The machines were created for translation, and humans served as editors to drive high accuracy and quality of translation. This compound noun translation model can be proposed as a new translation method for Arabic language users, especially translators and Arabic language learners at the school and higher education levels.

Appreciation
Appreciation to: Dr. Taj Rijal bin Muhamad Romli (supervisor), Faculty of Language and Communication (Translating Malay Compounds into Arabic based on Dynamic Theory and Arabization Method) of Sultan Idris University of Education and V-The 4 th ICCTME 2021 Organizing Committee, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.