Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) Outbreak Lockdown: The Effects on Spiritual, Physical, Emotional, Intellectual and Financial States of the Islam Believers

Malaysia Abstract Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak was declared by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a global health emergency and global pandemic on March 11, 2020. In controlling the quick spreading of COVID-19, the enforcement of lockdown has been employed in many counties. Unfortunately, the lockdown affects all industries as well as the whole nation in terms of spiritual, physical, emotional, financial, and intellectual states. Therefore, this paper attempts to examine the effects of lockdown on spiritual, physical, emotional, intellectual, and financial states of the Islam believers from Malaysia, Oman, Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and Turkey. Through systematic literature review, this paper designed a questionnaire survey and collected information from 208 respondents. Prior to the primary data collection, a pilot study was conducted to test the reliability of the designed questionnaire survey. This paper found that the COVID-19 lockdown has positive effects on the spiritual, intellectual, and physical states of the believers of Islam. On the other hand, the COVID-19 lockdown also leads to unstable emotion of the believers of Islam as well as the financial issues. The findings may help in future study, religious departments, and the authority bodies of the countries to strategize the plan of actions in minimising the impact of lockdown on the


Introduction
Coronavirus Disease 2019  was declared by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a global health emergency and global pandemic on March 11, 2020. 1 In controlling the rapid spread of COVID-19, the enforcement of lockdown has been employed in many counties. Unfortunately, the lockdown affects all industry as well as the whole nation in terms of spiritual, physical, emotion as well as the intellectual states of many nations. Many studies show that the lockdown leads to anxiety. 2 On the other hand, some of the other researchers has reported that lockdown affects the believers positively. 3 Although enforcement of lockdown has made it necessary the closure of the religious centres such as mosque, temple, and church. This closure has made ample time available for the believers to worship at home.4 Therefore, this paper aims to examine the effects of lockdown on spiritual, physical, emotional, intellectual, and financial of the believers of Islam.

Literature Review
Many studies have proven the effects of lockdown enforcement due to the COVID-19 outbreak. The enforcement has been applied by the governments in many countries such as Malaysia, Oman, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and Turkey. The enforcement of lockdown is aimed at controlling the spread of COVID-19 by flattening the curve of infection as shown in Figure 1 on the projections of coronavirus infections for DEPARTMENT OF ISLAMIC THOUGHT AND CIVILIZATION Volume 11 Issue 2, Fall 2021 benchmarking the uncontrolled and controlled outbreak scenarios. A study found that social distancing practice helps to flatten the curve of infection, thus it is preferred as one of the reasons to enforce social distancing. 5 On the other hand, the lockdown leads to many other problems in terms of the spiritual, physical, emotional, and intellectual states of the believers nationwide Lockdown as summarised in Figure Table 1 tabulates the effects of COVID-19 to spiritual, physical, emotional, intellectual, and financial states of an individual from previous studies. The effects are tabulated based on the frequency of appearance.

Methodology
This paper adopted a quantitative research method via questionnaire survey. A systematic literature was first carried out to collect the secondary data of this paper to design the research instrument and questionnaire survey. Prior to the primary data collection, a pilot study was conducted to test the reliability of the questionnaire survey JOURNAL OF ISLAMIC THOUGHT AND CIVILIZATION Volume 11 Issue 2, Fall 2021 with 10 percent of the expected sample. The designed questionnaire survey is considered reliable with the Cronbach's Alpha result was 0.7 as recommended by Arof in 2020. 8 The primary data was analysed using frequency analysis and relative importance index (RII). The variable of the study, which was the effects of COVID-19 on spiritual, physical, emotional, and intellectual states of the Islam believers were ranked from the most critical to the least critical. Based on Table 2, communication challenges were shortlisted and ranked by considering challenges with equal or more than 60 percent only. Communication challenges equal or more than 60 percent are either considered as high-medium effect (H-M-C) or high effect (H-C).

Result and Discussion
Prior to the primary data collection, a pilot study was conducted to ensure the reliability of the designed questionnaire. The result of Cronbach's alpha calculated from the pilot study with 23 respondents was 0.92, which indicates that the designed questionnaire is reliable. This managed to collect 208 respondent forms from Islamic countries, namely Yemen (18.70 percent), Turkey (13.70 percent), Egypt (12.90 percent), Saudi Arabia (19.60 percent), Oman (15.80 percent), and Malaysia (33.00 percent). Most respondents were bachelor's degree holders (44.20 percent) with the age ranged between 21 and 30 years old (56.70 percent). The respondents consisted of 50 percent male and 50 percent female. Figure 3 illustrates the demographic details of the respondents.   Table 3. These findings found the effects of COVID-19 lockdown on Islam believers' spiritual and intellectual states as high-medium critical (H-M-C). This indicates that lockdown encourages Islam believers to be closer to the Creator. The pandemic makes the Islam believers go back to fitrah and increase their awareness to worship. The ample time due to lockdown allows the Islam believers to worship at home with family members.
Also, the intellectual state of the Islam believers is positively affected during COVID-19 lockdown. The ample time during the lockdown allows the Islam believers to attend online classes and trainings, seek new interest and knowledge, spend more time in public discussions, and read more books. On top of that, the COVID-19 lockdown leads the believers of Islam to be more concerned about self-health by conducting physical exercise and practicing a balanced diet. Unfortunately, some of the respondents gained weight during the lockdown. It could be due to the negative emotional effects of COVID-19 lockdown such as anxiety and depression.
On the other hand, COVID-19 lockdown is negatively affecting the emotions and financial states of the believers of Islam. The believers of Islam sleep more, experience uncertainty feeling, and feel isolated during lockdown. Many of the believers of Islam are financially affected during the COVID-19 lockdown due to the loss of financial sources and unable to find a job that have caused difficulty to buy daily needs. A study has urged the believers of Islam to avoid any consequences that tend them to the disease and accept the decreed with patience and hoping blessings, then Allah will reward martyr.10 The results in Table 3   Note: RII = Relative Importance Index; Ave RII = Average Impotence Index; Ave Rank = Average Rank

Conclusion
On the final note, this study managed to collect 208 respondents of Islam believers from six different counties, namely Yemen, Turkey, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Oman, and Malaysia. This study found that the spiritual and intellectual states of the believers of Islam are positively affected with the COVID-19 lockdown. On the other hand, the emotional and the financial states of the believers of Islam are negatively affected by the COVID-19 lockdown, which is similar to the findings of the previous studies on the effects of lockdown to the public. In contrary, this paper found that the believers of Islam take better care of their diet and perform more physical exercises during the COVID-19 lockdown. This paper recommends to further study regarding the ways of the governments overcome these challenges based on their strategic action plans to encounter the emotional and financial issues amongst the Islam believers.