Journal of Islamic Thought and Civilization

Illuminating the Shadows: A Qur’ānic Theodicy on the Problem of Evil

2025-10-17T09:12:16+00:00

The problem of evil has been recognized as one of the most substantial challenges to the rational plausibility of theism, necessitating a range of theodicies across various religions. Many philosophers, in their attempts to address this problem, have compromised specific divine attributes, which has led to concerns regarding theological coherence. The Qurʾān offers a unique theodicy framework that has drawn considerable interest from theologians, especially those from Ashʿarite, Muʿtazilite, and mystical traditions. Applying a mixed-methodology approach that combines textual and thematic analysis of Qur’ānic discourse with a critical review of classical theodicies, this study evaluates the Qur’ānic theodicy on moral and natural evil, examining how it maintains the coherence of divine omnipotence, omniscience, and omnibenevolence in the presence of evil. The results show that the Qurʾān promotes a multifaceted theodicy that preserves the integrity of divine attributes while avoiding conceptual compromises, recognizing God's foreknowledge, middle knowledge, omnipotence, and omnibenevolence, and sees no contradiction between God and the presence of evil. The Qurʾān also addresses natural evil, and integrates it into its teleological framework, justifying each event in the light of the broader divine scheme. Therefore, it is argued that the Qurʾānic theodicy is a methodical and logical framework that makes a distinctive contribution to the ongoing discussion of the problem of evil, in addition to setting it apart from other theodicies.

From Valikhanov to Tokayev: Islam in the Kazakh Nation-Building Agenda

2025-10-17T09:12:17+00:00

Studies on the Kazakh state and nationhood usually overlook the complex role of Islam in the preservation of cultural identities and as a means of political control. This research aims to analyse the place of Islam in Kazakhstan’s national discourse and its connection with nationalism, state-building, and identity formation. The paper examines how early Kazakh intellectuals, Soviet policymakers, and modern leaders have incorporated or excluded Islamic factors in shaping Kazakh identity and governance. The trajectory of Islam in Kazakhstan from the late 19th century up to the post-Soviet period is analyzed, with a focus on three distinct eras: The earliest knowledge of Kazakh intellectualism and Islam, Soviet suppression and accommodation of Islam, and the contemporary state-sponsored resurgence of religious observances. Drawing on archival research, literary analyses, and historical texts, it explores Islam’s dual role as a cultural cornerstone and a political instrument. Key figures of the Kazakh national movement are analyzed for their nuanced relationships with Islam and its integration into Kazakh nationalism, emphasizing Islam’s securitized yet symbolic position. By situating Islam within the broader discourse of Kazakh nationalism, this study contributes to understanding the interplay between religion, identity, and state-building. It highlights Islam’s adaptability as a cultural and political resource in Kazakhstan, offering insights into the dynamics of secular governance and religious identity in a post-Soviet context.

Analysis of Ornamental Design Systems in the Qur’ān by Yaqut Al-Mustasimi

2025-10-17T09:12:17+00:00

The current study aimed to examine the ornamental design systems employed in Qur’ānic manuscripts, focusing on the celebrated copy of the Qur’ān produced by Yaqut al-Mustasimi in 690 AH/1291 CE, a distinguished exemplar of the Baghdad School. The research addressed the problem of how illuminators developed systematic ornamental frameworks that balanced aesthetic harmony with the codicological functions of the manuscript. Adopting a descriptive-analytical method, the study investigated selected folios noted for their preservation, visual clarity, and representative artistic value—particularly the introductory pages and opening surahs. Through detailed structural analysis, five distinct ornamental systems were identified. These included quadrilateral symmetry, bilateral symmetry, radial organization, diffusion through modular repetition, and combined multiple frameworks. The findings demonstrated that these systems were neither arbitrary nor purely decorative, however, grounded in geometric logic and deliberate design methodology. A notable feature is the integration of symmetry with controlled asymmetry, particularly in double-page spreads, which ensured continuity between facing folios and reflected advanced spatial planning. The research highlighted how Baghdadi illuminators, constrained by the prohibition of figural imagery, transformed vegetal and geometric motifs into highly sophisticated compositional systems. These strategies not only defined the visual identity of the Abbasid Qur’ān but also established a legacy that shaped later Islamic manuscript traditions. By articulating the methodological foundations of these systems, the study contributed to a deeper understanding of Islamic manuscript design. Additionally, it provided a framework to analyze ornamental logic in historical and contemporary Qur’ānic art.

The Challenges of Islamic Moral Economy in the Contemporary Social Context of Bangladesh

2025-10-17T09:12:18+00:00

The Islamic Moral Economy (IME) that was developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s offers a morally sound alternative to conventional economics focusing on justice and equity. Based on Islamic values, it encourages social responsibility, shared prosperity, and sustainable development using a unique economic and financial system. Islam is the predominant religion in Bangladesh, and the idea of an IME has drawn significant attention. Therefore, this study aims to provide an overview of the IME, and explore the contemporary state of the IME in the social context of Bangladesh. It also attempts to critically examine the multidimensional obstacles that hinder the effective implementation of IME in Bangladesh, focusing on the economic, social and political factors behind its complexity. The key findings revealthat the negative impacts of global capitalism, widespread corruption, violations of human rights, political instability, the rise of secularism and fragmented Islamic movements are significant obstacles that decrease economic justice and trust. The shortcomings of Islamic banking, which often ignore fundamental ethical values, also create significant obstacles. Finally, this paper seeks to illuminate the potential solutions for the IME from Bangladeshi perspective and offers valuable insights to policymakers, financial institutions, and researchers navigating Bangladesh's evolving economic landscape. With a qualitative approach, this paper relies on primary data from the professors of Islamic studies, political science and economics and an official of banking sector, and secondary data from journal articles, newspaper reports, social media, and related books.

Reviving Agricultural Finance via Islamic Contracts: Promoting Risk Management, Economic Empowerment, and Social Justice

2025-10-17T09:12:18+00:00

Islamic finance provides a diverse range of contracts and concessions to address the financial needs of farmers. However, most Islamic financial institutions remain reluctant to fund agricultural projects despite having excess liquidity, primarily due to perceived financial risks, high uncertainty (Gharar), and limited risk-sharing mechanisms. As a result, many Muslim farmers struggle to access financing, confronting multiple challenges, such as high interest rates, stringent collateral requirements, and ethical or religious constraints. This paper examines the financial risks, uncertainties, and unique risks of selected Islamic agricultural finance contracts, namely Salam, Muzara’ah, and Musaqah. This study utilizes qualitative content analysis to examine the primary Islamic sources the holy Qur’an, Hadīth, classical jurisprudence, and Hadīth commentaries. Indicatively, to define agricultural financing contracts, this study analyzes their structural features, establishes their permissibility, and assesses the implications of Gharar in the agricultural field. The findings suggest that integrating Islamic financial instruments with social finance mechanisms, such as combining Salam contracts with Zakah funds or implementing Muzara’ah and Musaqah Sukūk, can enhance financial inclusion, stabilize farmers’ incomes, manage price volatility, and reduce wealth disparities. By promoting fair, risk-sharing financial models, these instruments enhance economic empowerment, social justice, and sustainable agricultural finance. Future research should pilot-test these contracts to refine their practical applications and offer innovative financial solutions for agricultural communities worldwide.

Revisiting Zheng He’s Image in Malay-Muslim Civilization: Political Challenges and Religio-Cultural Opportunities in Southeast Asia

2025-10-17T09:12:19+00:00

In recent decades, the Chinese government has increasingly promoted Admiral Zheng He – known in Southeast Asia as Cheng Ho - as a symbol of peaceful diplomacy and intercultural harmony, embedding this image within its broader soft power strategy in the Muslim world. However, this diplomatic initiative intersects with complex regional realities in Southeast Asia, where religious identity, historical memory, and cultural sovereignty are deeply rooted. This article revisits Zheng He’s image within the context of Malay-Muslim civilization, with particular attention to Indonesia and Malaysia, highlighting its relevance to contemporary political and religio-cultural dynamics. Adopting a multidisciplinary approach that integrates historical analysis, civilizational studies, and regional geopolitics, the article explores how Zheng He’s legacy is perceived, reinterpreted, and contested among Malay-Muslim communities. The findings reveal a dual dynamic: on the one hand, Zheng He’s legacy offers opportunities to strengthen cultural diplomacy, economic collaboration, and interfaith dialogue in Southeast Asia; on the other hand, it presents challenges related to local political sensitivities, religious identity, and historical contestation. While Zheng He provides a shared historical reference point fostering inter-civilizational dialogue and religious tolerance, his symbolic usage also raises critical questions about political motives, cultural authenticity, and historical appropriation. Ultimately, this article contributes to a more critical understanding of how historical figures are mobilized within modern geopolitical narratives and their implications for identity politics in Muslim-majority regions of Southeast Asia. More broadly, the article offers insights for Chinese policymakers and states engaged in diplomacy with China.

Contemporary Islamic Ethics: An Analysis of Tariq Ramadan’s Perspectives on the Jurisprudence of Minorities and the Realities of Life in the West

2025-10-17T09:12:20+00:00

Every society is built upon particular values, and for Muslims, Islam provides the core framework that unites and guides their lives. In Western secular societies, however, Muslims face a dual challenge: integrating/assimilating successfully into the broader community while also preserving their Islamic identity and overcoming social barriers. To address this, Tariq Ramadan advocates for a dynamic hermeneutics of maqāṣid al-sharīʿah, positioning it as an ethical framework within Islamic methodology. Yet, his approach has not gone without critique. Scholars, such as al-ʿAlwānī, have advanced the concept of fiqh al-aqalliyyāt (minority jurisprudence) as an alternative way of responding to the unique realities of Muslim life in the West. This study explored contemporary Islamic ethics through the lens of Tariq Ramadan’s thought, with a particular focus on minority jurisprudence and the lived experiences of Muslim minorities in the West. Drawing on qualitative, library-based research, the study examined Ramadan’s key writings to assess his contributions. The findings indicated that Ramadan’s vision goes beyond offering an alternative to fiqh al-aqalliyyāt. It presents a more integrative framework that enables Muslims in the West to navigate their faith in harmony with modern life. In this process of identity formation, Ramadan works towards reconciling Islam with citizenship and the values of Western civilization. From an economic standpoint, Ramadan does not reject capitalism outright but calls for moral reforms that align economic activity with Islamic principles and social justice values, such as equity, sustainability, and community welfare. In this way, he reframes the presence of Muslims in the West not as a theological anomaly or an exception to Islamic tradition, however, as a legitimate and enriching force that contributes to the broader ethical fabric of society. This study, therefore, added to the wider discourse on contemporary Islamic ethics. Moreover, it highlighted the role of minority jurisprudence in shaping the lived experiences of Muslim communities in Western contexts.

Sustainable Development Goal 6 and the Prophetic Guidance on Water: A Hadīth-Based Framework

2025-10-17T09:12:20+00:00

Water scarcity, pollution, and inefficient use remain critical barriers to achieving Sustainable Development Goal 6 (SDG 6: Clean Water and Sanitation)/ The attainment of Sustainable Development Goal (Clean water and Sanitation), SDG#6, is critically undermined due to pressing issues, like water scarcity, pollution, and inefficient management of water resources. While Islamic civilisation has developed and emphasised frameworks governing water access, hygiene, and conservation, these resources are integrated seldomly into modern contemporary sustainability discourse. The current study fills this gap by systematically examining the Prophetic tradition (ḥadīth) and aligning it with SDG#6 targeting clean water and sanitation needs and its governance for water management. A qualitative textual approach was deployed by extracting 27 authenticated narrations from five canonical Sunni collections, which were coded into themes of equity and access, conservation and efficiency, pollution prevention, sanitation and hygiene, and ecosystem care. These thematic variations were then mapped to all six substantive SDG#6, along with its implementation targets (6.a–6.b). Indicatively, the findings revealed a close relevance between Prophetic teachings and the SDG#6 framework: guidance against monopolising surplus water aligns with equitable access; prohibitions on wastefulness support efficiency; injunctions against polluting stagnant water parallel source-protection standards; and compassion toward animals broadens the scope of ecosystem care. The contribution of this work lies in providing a faith-sensitive ethical framework for water governance. By embedding SDG#6 within Prophetic ethics, the study enhances legitimacy, mobilises religious institutions, and offers practical entry points for culturally resonant policy instruments. By situating Islamic traditions within the discourse on sustainability, the current research will be beneficial in demonstrating valuable resources for advancing global sustainability goals (SDG#6), particularly in Muslim-majority contexts.

Traditional Islamic View on Religion and State Relations: The Case of Kazakhstan

2025-10-17T09:12:21+00:00

The current study aimed to examine the primary functional activities of Kazakhstan following its independence, focusing on state-confessional relations with the Islamic religion. Moreover, it explored the nature of state-confessional relations, state policy on religion, and the principal measures implemented by the government to combat and prevent the spread of radical and destructive ideologies within the country. To this end, both secondary sources and empirical research data were utilized. As a secular state, Kazakhstan’s relationship with religion, including Islam, was analyzed through the lens of fundamental theoretical frameworks proposed by various scholars. The study also investigated specific measures taken by the state to rehabilitate citizens who left the country under the influence of radical ideology to engage in armed conflicts abroad and have since returned. A deductive approach was employed to consider the theoretical foundations of traditional Islamic discourse and its practical application within Kazakhstan. This research provided a case study of the mechanisms and functional interactions between the state and Islam within the context of state-confessional relations. In this regard, the importance and outcomes of religious and religious studies expertise of traditional Islamic texts and literature in the prevention and reinforcement of anti-radical narratives were analyzed. Using research findings and statistical data, the study presented an analysis of the activities of the Spiritual Administration of Muslims of Kazakhstan. Moreover, it also identified the key mechanisms that have proven effective in maintaining religious stability.

Academic Freedom in the Islamic Medieval Era: What Values Can Be Learned?

2025-10-17T09:12:22+00:00

This study aims to investigate the concept of academic freedom in medieval Islam and its potential to play a role in forming the future of Islamic civilization. Using a historical-analytical and interdisciplinary perspective, this study investigates how freedom of thought, scientific independence, and intellectual discourse was practiced in the social, political and religious contexts of the time. The results of this study indicate that despite normative religious constraints, academic freedom during the medieval era still provided space for substantial scientific development in various disciplines such as medicine, mathematics, and philosophy. Educational institutions such as Bait al-Hikma in Baghdad played an important role in creating an open and inclusive intellectual environment and encouraging cross-cultural and interreligious collaboration. The implications of this research suggest that academic freedom upheld by ethical principles and religious norms in the past can serve as a model for academic and social development in the present and future. These lessons are particularly important in addressing the challenges of digitalization and globalization that impact freedom of speech and thought in academic spaces.

Revised Zakat Distribution: Perspectives on Digital Transformation for Poverty Alleviation

2025-10-17T09:12:22+00:00

This study explores the effectiveness of revised zakat distribution through digital transformation in poverty alleviation efforts. Along with developing financial technology and digital inclusion, the traditional zakat distribution mechanism faces new challenges and opportunities in improving efficiency, transparency, and beneficiary outreach. Therefore, this research focuses on how digital transformation can optimize zakat distribution to improve mustahik welfare. Second, the factors that become obstacles and opportunities in implementing the digitalization of zakat distribution in various zakat management institutions are also studied. This research uses a qualitative approach with a case study method on several zakat institutions in Indonesia, and countries with developed digital zakat ecosystems. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, analysis of policy documents, and observation of the implementation of digital platforms in zakat distribution. In addition, this research also uses SWOT analysis to identify internal and external factors that affect the effectiveness of the digitalization of zakat distribution. The results show that the digitalization of zakat distribution contributes to improving the efficiency of fund allocation, accelerating the distribution process, and increasing transparency and accountability. However, challenges such as limited digital literacy of mustahik, resistance from traditional zakat managers, and data security issues need to be overcome. The study highlights the importance of integrating technology with traditional practices while addressing digital inequality to ensure the broader impact of zakat on poverty alleviation. Moreover, the research suggests that collaboration among various stakeholders, including the government, zakat institutions, and technology providers, is critical to the successful implementation of digital zakat systems.

New Aesthetics: Narrating Muslim Female Heroes in Hollywood Films

2025-10-17T09:12:23+00:00

This study aims to explore the new aesthetics of Muslim female heroes in Hollywood films through the perspective of feminism. This research uses qualitative method, and data collection techniques are carried out through literature studies. The data for this study were collected from the Ms. Marvel film (2022) produced by the Marvel Cinematic Universe. The results of this study showed the following findings: first, Ms. Marvel presents a new narrative of Muslim women as heroes, which have never been portrayed in Western films; second, Kamala Khan, a Muslim hero, possesses superpowers that enable her to fly, make clouds, and stretch her body; third, Kamala Khan as a Muslim female hero saves people who need help; fourth, Ms. Marvel is a global market strategy to bring Muslims to the surface; and fifth, Islamic identity is depicted powerfully through symbols of the daily lives of devout Muslims, hijab, prayer, mosques, and Eid al-Fitr. Such depictions are able to embrace Muslim audiences who are spread across various countries in the world. This study is expected to contribute internationally to research on feminism in Hollywood films. Furthermore, the results of this study are expected to be considered as a new breakthrough in research on heroism that has so far been dominated by men and male perspectives.

Exploring Flood Dynamics: Integrating Environmental, Social, Astronomical and Islamic Perspectives

2025-10-17T09:12:23+00:00

Floods are a recurring natural disaster with profound implications for human livelihoods, infrastructure, and the environment. This study critically examines existing literature to identify the primary causes, impacts, and mitigation strategies associated with flash floods, integrating insights from Islamic perspectives and exploring their relationship with astronomical phenomena, a relatively understudied area. Despite substantial research on hydrological and urban factors, limited attention has been given to the interplay between astronomical elements, such as lunar phases and solar activity, and flash flood occurrences. This gap underscores the need for a multidisciplinary approach\ to understand these complex phenomena. The study employs a qualitative methodology involving systematic literature review and content analysis. Key findings highlight heavy rainfall, unplanned urbanization, inadequate drainage systems, and individual behaviors as major contributors to floods. Furthermore, the study identifies significant socioeconomic and environmental impacts, including property damage, disruption of livelihoods, and psychosocial effects. Proposed mitigation strategies emphasize improved drainage infrastructure, public awareness campaigns, and the integration of Islamic principles for sustainable disaster management. This research contributes to bridging critical knowledge gaps by suggesting future studies on the role of astronomical factors in flood prediction and advocating for faith-based approaches to environmental stewardship. The findings aim to inform policymakers, urban planners, and environmentalists about developing holistic and sustainable solutions.

Abu Hanifa: Architect of Islamic Moderatism in Contemporary Contexts

2025-10-17T09:12:24+00:00

This article examines the idea of wasatiyyah (moderation) in the teachings of Imam Abu Hanifa, highlighting its significance for contemporary Islamic thought and life. It encourages a moderate approach to the religious practices, social relations and political activism highlighting tolerance and moral conduct while avoiding extremes. Based on Qur’ānic and Hadīth sources it confers the role of the Muslim community as ummatan wasatan, promoting harmony and moderation in all aspects of life. The formation of the Hanafi madhhab by Abu Hanifa exemplifies his efficient method, centered on the Qur'ān and Sunnah which allows for ease in legal pronouncements to accommodate changing circumstances. The paper analyzes how his idea of moderation responds to contemporary issues, such as social justice, human rights and governing in Islamic terms. It also demonstrates how wasatiyyah promotes equity, fairness and social harmony, helping to encourage the wider acceptance of Islam across different cultural and religious traditions. By examining the continuing relevance of Abu Hanīfa’s ideas, the book contributes to an understanding of how classical jurisprudence shapes discussions of ethics, law and the good society in Muslim communities today. The results highlight the relevance of wasatiyyah as a legal and ethical directive in contemporary Islamic scholarly discourse and practice.

Metaphysics as the Ontological Foundation of the State: The Convergence of al-Farabi’s Political Thought and Pancasila in Indonesia

2025-10-17T09:12:25+00:00

The current research aimed to examine the relationship, shared moral and metaphysical foundations between al-Fārābī’s concept of the ideal state, as presented in Kitab Ara’ Ahl al-Madinah al-Fadilah, and Indonesia’s national ideology, Pancasila. Additionally, al-Fārābī stated that understanding metaphysical realities, such as God, His existence, and the purpose of life, played a crucial role in influencing individual and societal ethics. The understanding is in accordance with the first principle of Pancasila, Belief in One God, which positioned divinity as moral foundation of the state. Both frameworks suggested that ethical awareness arose from metaphysical insight and should guide social conduct. The research also critically reflected on Indonesia’s current context, where corruption and moral decline remained widespread despite the centrality of Pancasila. In response, al-Fārābī’s vision that—the ideal state must be led by individuals with philosophical insight and moral integrity was considered relevant. The research reported that engaging in metaphysical thought with a sincere internalization of Pancasila’s principles enabled the revival of public ethics and political accountability. Therefore, Indonesian leaders need to prioritize virtue and the common good over personal ambition and power. This transformation should conform with the nation more closely because al-Fārābī’s model of a virtuous and civilized society was rooted in wisdom, justice, and spiritual purpose.

Reading Hamka's and Shihab's Interpretations of Jihad: Abdullah Saeed's Contextual Approach

2025-10-17T09:12:25+00:00

Jihād has been a significant issue in Indonesia over the past two decades, often linked to terrorism, radicalism, and sectarian violence, purportedly in the name of Islam. The Qurʾān, as the primary source of guidance for Muslims, presents jihād both as a concept of communal warfare and an expression of personal piety. However, selective interpretations of jihād by certain groups have contributed to theological justifications for terrorist and extremist actions. This study examined and compared the Qurʾānic interpretations of jihād by two prominent Indonesian Islamic scholars, Haji Abdul Malik Karim Amrullah (1908–1981) and M. Quraish Shihab (1944–). Using Abdullah Saeed's contextual approach, this research analyzed the methodological, typological, and paradigmatic frameworks underpinning their interpretations. The findings suggested that both scholars emphasized the necessity to understand jihād verses within their historical and sociocultural context. In a contemporary context, jihād should be interpreted as an earnest “struggle in the cause of Allah” rather than a call for armed conflict against non-believers. This approach aligns with Saeed's view that the jihād verses have ethical and legal dimensions, addressing social, economic, and political challenges faced by the early Muslim community at the time of revelation rather than solely advocating for violence.

Marine Conservation In the Seafaring Tradition of Lhok Teunom Coastal, Aceh Jaya Regency, Aceh, Indonesia: An Analysis From the Perspective of Fiqh Al-Bi'ah

2025-10-17T09:12:26+00:00

Environmental pollution, overfishing, and the use of destructive fishing gear have significantly impacted marine ecosystems in Indonesia, particularly in Aceh. These activities not only deplete fish stocks but also reduce biodiversity, ultimately affecting the economic livelihoods of coastal communities. In response, the Indonesian government has implemented marine protection regulations. However, destructive fishing practices persist. One effective approach to enforcement involves integrating local wisdom, as traditional authorities play a charismatic and regulatory role in managing marine environments through customary leadership. In Aceh, the customary authority responsible for overseeing marine conservation is known as Panglima Laot. This article examines the model of customary law-based marine conservation in the coastal area of Lhok Teunom, Aceh Jaya, through Fiqh al-Bi’ah (Islamic environmental jurisprudence) perspective. This research employs a qualitative approach, using field data collection through interviews, observations, and secondary data analysis related to regulations and Islamic law. The findings of the indica species and local species and enforces customary laws prohibiting destructive fishing gear, restricting the capture of certain species, and protecting coastal habitats. When analyzed through the principles of Fiqh al-Bi’ah, these practices reflect the axiological foundations of Islamic law. It emphasizes tawhid (monotheism), khilafah (stewardship), mizan (balance), islah (restore), and ihsan (benevolence). This is possible because the community effectively integrates religious and traditional values within a teo-anthropocentrism paradigm. The advantage of this model is that it benefits marine conservation efforts while simultaneously upholding Islamic values that align with pro-biocentrism.

Institutionalization and Renewal of Traditional Islamic Education in Surakarta, Indonesia (1905-1942)

2025-10-17T09:12:27+00:00

This study reconstructs the institutionalization of traditional Islamic education, analyzes its evolution and renewal, and examines the distinctive nature of Islamic educational reform in Surakarta, Indonesia, from 1905 to 1942. Employing historical and sociological methods, the research reveals three pivotal findings. First, the institutionalization of Islamic education was anchored in the Jamsaren boarding school, which maintained an independent yet cooperative relationship with the Kasunanan palace, shaping the historical trajectory of Islamic education. Second, the renewal was driven by the Mambaul Ulum (MU) madrasa (1905), the Surakarta branch of SATV/Muhammadiyah (1918), and the Al-Islam union (1928), producing a modern Muslim elite proficient in religious and secular sciences. Third, the renewal adopted a realistic-integralist approach, modernizing Islamic education to meet contemporary needs through three patterns: pesantren modernization, incorporation of religious subjects into secular schools, and madrasa development. These findings offer nuanced insights into the interplay of tradition and modernization in Surakarta, contributing to the broader discourse on Islamic educational reform in Indonesia.

Bridging Tradition and Modernity:Comparative Study of Master’s Programs in Aqidah and Islamic Philosophy in Indonesia

2025-10-17T09:12:27+00:00

This study provides a comparative investigation of the Master’s Programs in Aqidah and Islamic Philosophy in Indonesia, focusing on Darussalam University (UNIDA) Gontor and Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University (UIN Sunan Kalijaga). The study examines how institutional frameworks, epistemological paradigms, and curriculum design shape the development of scholarship in these institutions. A qualitative comparative approach was employed, combining document analysis, semi-structured interviews with faculty and students, and field observations conducted in 2023, complemented by desk research in 2024–2025. The analysis used institutional theory, Kuhn’s paradigm concept, and curriculum design perspectives. The results showed distinct orientations alongside areas of convergence. UNIDA represented a pesantren-based model grounded in moral-spiritual authority and a tawḥīdic worldview, which outlined Islamization of knowledge and classical epistemology preservation. UIN reflected a state-affiliated model influenced by bureaucratic governance and accreditation demands. It advanced the integration–interconnection paradigm that promoted interdisciplinary dialogue and openness to contemporary scholarship. Curriculum practices reinforced these approaches with UNIDA adopting a rational-linear model centered on textual mastery. While UIN applied flexible frameworks which integrated hermeneutics, critical theory, and multidisciplinary methods. These models exhibited the richness of Indonesian Islamic higher education in negotiating tradition and modernity. UNIDA safeguarded epistemological continuity rooted in revelation, with UIN concentrated on adaptability and global engagement. These insights provided meaningful implications for policymakers and educators in designing Islamic higher education that was contextually grounded, epistemologically coherent, and responsive to global academic currents.

Qur’ānic Persuasive Logic as a Structural Framework: Exploring Syllogism and Presupposition in Divine Argumentation

2025-10-17T09:12:28+00:00

This study examines Qur’ānic persuasive logic as a structural framework, emphasizing how the text employs syllogistic and presuppositional reasoning in divine argumentation. Although the Qur’ān does not use formal Aristotelian logic, its rhetorical discourse reveals implicit logical patterns that invite rational reflection. Drawing on classical Islamic thought, particularly that of al-Ghazālī, this research employs thematic analysis to examine selected narratives. It identifies three core syllogistic structures with their corresponding epistemic presuppositions: equilibrium (taʿādul), equivalence (talāzum), and contradiction (taʿāruḍ). These elements are integral to theological persuasion, guiding readers from accepted premises toward coherent and compelling religious conclusions. The findings confirm that the Qur’ān systematically employs both syllogism and presupposition—not merely as stylistic devices but as core logical instruments in its persuasive strategy. These elements work in tandem to shape a coherent argumentative structure that affirms divine truth while appealing to human reason. Particularly in the narratives of Ibrāhīm and Mūsā, the presence of deductive and analogical reasoning grounded in presupposed truths is both evident and methodologically consistent. This research thus contributes to Qur’ānic studies by foregrounding a model of divine persuasion rooted in logical architecture, where syllogism and presupposition function as integral components of the Qur’ān’s epistemic and rhetorical authority.

Integration of Islamic and Local Values in Entrepreneurship Education in West Java: An Analysis of Kyai’s Role as A Cultural Transmitter

2025-10-17T09:12:28+00:00

Entrepreneurship education often struggles to accommodate local cultural values and the specific needs of communities, particularly in diverse urban environments. This study explored how integrating a place-based approach and the strategic involvement of kyais (religious teachers) can improve entrepreneurship education in urban communities. This motivation arose from the gap in creating sustainable and culturally grounded entrepreneurship programs that reflect local values. Focusing on urban areas in West Java—Bandung, Purwakarta, and Sumedang—this study investigated how local values can be embedded into modern entrepreneurship education. Using descriptive-qualitative methods, data were collected through participant observation, in-depth interviews, surveys, and focus group discussions. Analysis employed thematic, comparative, triangulation, and contextual techniques. The findings indicate that kyais play a crucial role in embedding Islamic values, ethics, and local experiences into the curriculum. In Bandung, kyais emphasize ecocultural education and experiential learning; in Sumedang, they serve as motivators, moral guides, spiritual mentors, social networking facilitators, and community empowerment; Meanwhile, in Purwakarta, they developed an entrepreneurship model aligned with local needs and Islamic principles. This study confirms that implementing a place-based approach and leveraging the role of kyais (Islamic scholars) increases the effectiveness and sustainability of entrepreneurship education in urban communities. By providing empirical evidence from diverse settings in West Java, this study offers a nuanced perspective on adapting entrepreneurship education to local contexts, thereby enhancing its relevance and impact.

Seizing Ahlussunah wal Jama’ah: The Contestation of Identity on Hermeneutic Digital Platforms in Indonesia

2025-10-17T09:12:29+00:00

The identity of Ahlussunah wal Jama'ah (Aswaja) has become a hallmark of the Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) organization in Indonesia. However, Salafi declared itself as the Aswaja and continued to campaign true AhlusSunnah, while labeling others as heretics. This article delves into the issue of the struggle for Aswaja claims between NU and Salafi in Indonesia as represented on their official websites. To explore this contestation, the article uses Fairclough's critical discourse analysis, which is useful to uncover meanings and ideas within published texts, processes of discourse production, and their implications for socio-religious practices in Indonesia. The findings of this study reveal differences in hermeneutical strategies used by NU and Salafi, especially on social, cultural, and governmental issues. Based on its hermeneutical approach, Salafi claims that Aswaja, as defined by the Salafi manhaj, represents the authentic and safe path. In contrast, NU contructs its distinction through the concept of Aswaja an-Nahdliyah which it presents as more relevant to Indonesian Muslims. NU and Salafi continue to compete for Aswaja's authority in Indonesia, utilizing digital platforms and employing jargon they consider inherited from the Companions and Tabi'in, such as returning to the Qur’ān and Sunnah, the purity of monotheism, and anti-bid'ah. This article demonstrates that this struggle for Aswaja's authority has become a new feature of Islamic religious life in Indonesia and an authoritative medium for their followers to strengthen their understanding of Islam in the digital era. This allows for a competitive NU-Salafi relationship to co-exist in addressing religious issues in the future.

From InstaCulture to Islamic Ethics: Cultural Hybridization and Halloween Celebrations in Pakistani Society

2025-10-17T09:12:30+00:00

The current study aimed to explore how Halloween, a Western cultural celebration, is represented on Instagram. Furthermore, the study identified how Pakistani youth engage with or resist such content in light of their religious values. Data was collected in Lahore from 16 participants across four categories: youth, young professionals, parents/educators, and religious scholars. Guided by Agenda-setting and Uses and Gratifications Theories (UGT), the analysis identified six themes. These included representation of Halloween on Instagram, cultural influence via social media, media engagement and user motivation, content creation and sharing behaviour, negotiation between faith and trends, and cultural hybridization and identity. The findings revealed that Instagram frames Halloween as a visually-appealing and secular lifestyle trend, contributing to its normalization in Muslim digital spaces. Youth often interact with such content for entertainment and social belonging. On the other hand, others adopt selective exposure strategies to align with Islamic values. Parents and educators emphasize cultural preservation and moral safeguarding, whereas religious scholars caution against Westernization and the erosion of religious identity. Participants navigated these tensions by reframing their engagement as cultural rather than religious. The study concluded that Pakistani youth are not passive consumers of global media but active negotiators of cultural and religious boundaries. By blending digital trends with faith-based values, they construct hybrid identities that merge Instagram culture with Islamic ethics. This study offered empirical evidence on how Pakistani youth selectively adapt Western cultural trends within an Islamic ethical framework. Additionally, the study contributed to discussions on digital literacy, cultural sensitivity, and the negotiation of global media.

An-Nadzir Community of Gowa: Historical Traces and Resilience in Preserving Local Islamic Culture Amidst Modernity

2025-10-17T09:12:30+00:00

Living in a rapidly changing global society often poses uncertainty to communities. One of the common examples is the erosion of many socio-cultural values. However, this condition does not occur in the local Islamic community, An-Nadzir. Given this fact, the current study discussed the historical traces and defensive education strategies of this local Islamic community in Gowa Regency South Sulawesi. The study collected data from in-depth interviews with key figures in the An-Nadzir community, such as spiritual figures, school principals, community members, and the surrounding community. The results showed that the An-Nadzir community is a historical trace marking the relationship between universal and local Islamic values that form an identity with unique religious characteristics. They can build harmonious coexistence amidst differences. Despite living in the middle of the city with all the social changes, modernity, and digital disruption, the An-Nadzir community can survive and adapt by adhering to local wisdom and not abandoning their local Islamic identity. This resilience cannot be separated from the value education system that they instill both through formal (schools) and non-formal changes (mosques and households). Then, this system is passed down from generation to generation. This research made a significant contribution to the study of Islam in Indonesia. Moreover, it offered an alternative narrative about the diversity of Islamic expressions integrated with local culture, showing the dynamics between Islamic traditions and unique local contexts.

Ruwatan, Acculturation, and Strengthening Prophetic Values: A Study of the Magetan Community

2025-10-17T09:12:31+00:00

This study explores the transformation of ruwatan, a traditional Javanese ritual intended to remove misfortune, into a form of prophetic education within the Muslim community of Magetan, East Java. Originally rooted in pre-Islamic animistic and Hindu-Buddhist traditions, ruwatan has experienced a gradual acculturation process by integrating Islamic values and discarding elements contrary to Islamic principles. In its current form, the ritual incorporates Qur’anic recitation, congregational prayer, and acts of charity, replacing symbolic offerings and mythological narratives. Using a qualitative religious-sociological approach, data were gathered through participant observation, in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, and document analysis to capture both theological and cultural dimensions. The findings revealed a significant shift from ruwatan as a purely ceremonial act toward its function as a socio-religious and educational practice that embodies prophetic values: humanization (amar ma’ruf), liberation (nahy munkar), and transcendence (tu’minuna billah). This reorientation was achieved not through abrupt religious reform, but through the culturally sensitive and persuasive strategies of local Islamic leaders, who sought to harmonize local wisdom with Islamic orthodoxy. The study demonstrates that, when grounded in cultural empathy, Islamic education can facilitate spiritual renewal, foster social cohesion, and reconstruct communal identity in the face of modern world challenges. The case of ruwatan in Magetan illustrates the dynamic interplay between tradition and religious reform, highlighting the potential for local customs to serve as vehicles for prophetic education in contemporary Muslim societies.