Psychological Effects of Sadaat Hasan Manto’s Fiction on Youth of Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan

This study aims to investigate the effects of Manto's readerships among youth to analyze the psychology and behavior of youth regarding social taboos. This inquiry is strengthened by the reader-response theory and Uses and Gratification for the reasons of youth to escalate his work. The quantitative survey method followed purposive sampling; 500 respondents participated in this study. The study's findings revealed that Manto's fiction straightforwardly expounded on a man and woman’s intimate relationships. Reading fiction, dramatization, and books similarly impact readers psychologically and create behavior changes as Manto's fiction engravings in all accessible print and electronic mediums, although quotes from his fiction likewise broadly tune in and share online communities. This persistence of his work accessibility and appreciation touched the researcher to deal with his fiction to check its psychological effects on the youth of Lahore. Furthermore, the study's findings showed that Manto's fiction creates anxiety, frustration, and eroticism in youth; along with this, his fiction create mindfulness about social taboos and social awareness among readers.


Introduction
Reading is a very effective process for generating human attitudes and behaviors and developing an understanding of related issues; it is up to the reader's concentration to perceive the message (Rafiq & John, 2021). Saadat Hasan Manto (1912-1955 was one of the most well-known, controversial, and provocative Urdu writers of the twentieth century. Despite being a prolific writer of essays, plays, film scripts, and novels, he was best known for his short tales. His writing career began when he was born in Punjab (Jokinen & Assadullah, 2019).
In this contemporary study, the researchers have analyzed the reasons of youth to read him due to his controversial reputation or his work revival on a big screen as a biopic in Pakistan and India. According to Manto, people consider him a good writer, some claim him a source of vulgarity, but whatever they call, he believes in hardship to understand his worth in Pakistan (Jalal, 2013). Manto used the chance to engrave their fight for identity in a functionalization culture that offers no ease for women; they appear to us as a group of new women who are not simply tiny sex objects but also moral and vibrant (Abbas et al., 2021). Moreover, Manzor (2016) wrote in a contemporaneous article about Sadaat Hasan Manto that he foresaw much more about sexual desires, brutality, alcohol, and prostitutes many years before. However, he wrote to show other humans that marginalized people are also human.
The author said that after the death of Manto, he got a more intellectual audience and new life in the literary world. In contrast, Goyal (2013) created his study about Sadaat Hasan Manto and Krishna Sobti; according to him, Manto predicts in his life that I as the body must die one day, but my identity as Manto remain forever. Manto's confrontations were accurate after decades of his death. He was a prevalent and, instantaneously, a provocative critic of his spells (Bisai, 2021). The current study identifies why still youth fascinates with his fiction and its effects on their psychology that the trauma of partition is still alive in his writing.
Fiction are the substantial segment of broad communications that can influence the number of individuals in the public eye and are sufficiently compelling to create impact and give a base to our electronic productions (Faryad et al., 2021). Manto Nama played a phenomenal impact on Manto's reader it was a great source of information about Sadaat Hassan, writing exertions by Vadhavan (1998), he discussed the factual meaning of his writings and generated the connection of his writings with the existing domain, as sexuality in Manto's writings was rudimentary and natural features of social representation (Juthi, 2019).

Media and Communication Review
Volume 1 Issue 2, Fall 2021 Walia (2015) conducted the study about the masterpiece of Manto "Toba Tek Singh" in the perspective that partition creates psychosis in people to believe that now they are in India and then they have shifted in Pakistan how it would be easy. The main character was confused to understand the name of Toba Tek Singh in his mind, whether it would be the part of Pakistan or India and how these both countries' people react with each other (Pandey, 2021). In this writing, Sadaat Hasan Manto deals with psychology to reveal the truth of that trauma felt by mentally normal and abnormal people, so this supervision of his story still affects his readers to visualize the forte of partition and his survivors. Furthermore, Rai (2016) investigated the interpretation of many short stories in Indian dialects. The researcher expressed that Toba Tek Singh is one of the famous stories decoded in numerous dialects. It understands the trauma of partition (Bisai, 2021). The current paper focuses on conspicuous on the worries connected to one such addressed impression of the country. Another exploration paper has been breaking down the ethical assessments of character Bishan Singh that he needs to bite the dust on the fringe instead of in Pakistan or India (Panthi, 2015).
Manto claims in his fiction that marginalized groups should not be ignored as a part of our society and that respecting all humans is vital for the growth of humanity (Abbas et al., 2021). Additionally, Narang (1973) stated nearby two types of fiction in trend which stood as a sociological and a psychosomatic illustration of society. Social understanding is an effective tool for social change Sadaat Hasan Manto wrote what he saw in society; according to him, without thoughtful vision, it is not easy to exist in the contemporary world. Women are considered a vital part of society (Rai, 2016). Without equality in society and respect for humanity, it is impossible to bring change in society. At the present need of the time is to educate and aware the youth about social issues and the solution of the problems (Juthi, 2019). Realism identifies the living styles and social dealings in social interactions (Khuman, 2010). This study will provide the empirical evidence to analyze the acceptance of Sadaat Hasan Manto in youth through the number of research articles found on his psyche on his work and allegations regarding capturing of obscenity. This review will upgrade more researchers to comprehend the value of literature and the impacts of fiction on youth.

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Objectives
The main objective of this study is as follows:  To identify the reasons for Manto's readership in youth  To explore, whether Manto's fiction is creating any psychological effects on youth (Anxiety, Frustration)  To analyze the youth's perception, whether Manto's fiction has eroticism and obscenity  To find out the impact of Manto's fiction on the behavior of youth regarding social taboos

Literature Review
In this study, the researcher has explored the psychological effects of Sadaat Hasan Manto, who was considered the most controversial Urdu fiction writer. In a related study, researchers have explored the different aspects of Manto's writings, his life to death's sufferings (Abid & Mushtaq, 2020). The researchers need to analyze his readership in youth and psychological effects in the present study. Manzor (2016) stated that he read Manto forty years back, and now, I met youngsters who read him now in their lives, with some shine in their eyes to know who that daring man was. As per the author, Manto delightfully depicted the coldness of rationally sick individuals to restrict allotment and live in harmony. Additionally, Khan (2015) has been broke down the working procedures of vibrant, knowledgeable, and perilous commotion in the arena of artistic and social readings. The reason for the study is to value the dynamic scholars of the nineteenth and twentieth century; as indicated by the researcher, the fiction of these essayists is still exceptionally relevant today. Their commitments in abstract work give a solid ground to truthfulness in writing. Sadaat Hasan Manto is still perused by youth due to the scholarly and practical literature. Researchers were in this momentum to think about him and inspires to deal with dynamic author like him. Abbas (2015) has conducted a study about traumatic narrations of partition, especially about woman's misery; he took two stories to describe the negativity for women in men's society. "Lajwanti" and "Open it" in both stories' women used for abduction and rape. Another researcher who wants to look into silence as a tool for tracing the oppressed character is the study's Media and Communication Review Volume 1 Issue 2, Fall 2021 central theme. As a result, the researcher investigates the protagonist and antagonist are both silenced to emphasize the importance of the storyline. Communication functions are performed; the study's findings clarify the situation due to identity crises, there are geneses of conflict between individuals and societies. The results of social production are oppression (Abbas et al., 2021). The research explored that there is no survival of women in this paradox society of male domination (Juthi, 2019).
In contrast, Ahmad and Sheeraz (2013) have directed the study about three notorious writers, Saadat Hasan Manto, Daniyal Mueenuddin, and Ahmad Ali; these writers were famous for showing the accurate picture of the society and how cruel society we are existing. Manto focused on social realism, the accurate picture of society and social taboos. These writers wrote much more about pre-1947 and post-independence sufferings when we read something which distresses our souls and psychologically affects us. Uniyal (2020) revealed that Manto's short stories depict oppressed and oppressors as a result of producing a truthful testimony rather than an endorsement of sentimentality for the common people. The study describes how subalterns are found speaking for themselves, thoughts indicating how a person other than a subaltern can speak for them, and how much truth the other person can reflect the subaltern's sufferings by delving deep into the themes, characters, and society (Kaur, 2015).
Moreover, Siddique (2014) had pronounced in an article about obscenity charges on Manto's writings that all the hearings and troubles he faced in his life due to the misconceptions about his motives. Manto was the famous author of South Asia with the greatest fame in fiction, but many conspiracies in his life proved him an obstinate writer. Manto was under the dominant establishments and their conceptualizations for those who Illustrate the system (Sengupta, 2022). In a study identified, it could be carefully preserved that Khalid Hasan's translation of "Toba Tek Singh" elevates significant disputes about the purposes of a translator (Kaur, 2015). Now debauched developing world, where all is going global, lingual, cultural, and regional boundaries are still functioning in India, where language and culture are still very prominent.
Critic conducts a comparative study to understand the Khalid Hasan translations and Manto's originality (Jalal, 2013 the study to use the tool of the insurrection of eroticism to study these consequences (Basu, 2018). Manto's stories supplied the lust and unambiguous sex; he allocates his characters, woman's possession as demands of the body and not the soul like 'Cold Flesh,' rape of Muslim girl's dead body done by Sikh 'Untie it,' volunteers rape innocent girl Sakina 'The Naked Voice,' Gama psych-sexual experiences at his surroundings according to researcher these stories providing information about sexuality to his readers, and later had to face allegations of obscenity too (Uniyal, 2020). This description of stories is operative to crisscross the psychological effects of such stories on youth (Shaheen & Qadeer, 2012).
Researchers have been conducted a comparative study about French writer Guy De Maupassant and Urdu writer Saadat Hasan Manto; according to them, both writers were beautifully described realism. The investigators and critics have accepted their affection for humankind and their dominance as authors, making them trendsetters (Islam, 2018). In this current study, the researcher analyzes the perception of youth to perceive his footprints by appreciating Manto's understanding of social taboo. According to the author Manto didn't compare two women and sexual experience's; it was just artistic work. Bu (odor) was a story influenced by Lawrence's handling of sexuality. Hero Randhir described his mental and psychical intimacy with a prostitute, then his wife. The story is all about the odor of women's armpits; it is one of the premium parts of the inscription in the genre of the Urdu short story, and odor is famous in Urdu and translation.
This study helps the researcher relate Randhir's psychological experiences with today's youth who read Manto's fiction and generate their perceptions according to their feelings. Moreover, Gatt (2013) worked on Sadaat Hassan Manto's fiction with a feminist approach to share some of his masterwork 'Toba Tek Singh' in his short stories pronounces humanity, Innocent, loving, god-fearing people grieve in the asylum at the time of partition (Rai, 2016). Moreover, researchers stated that traumatic partition analysis and all psychological effects and sufferings badly influenced all Muslims and Hindus (Shah et al., 2021). This study concentration on stories of partition, which describe the pain and disturbance. In this study, researchers work on Sadaat Hasan Manto, who wrote much more about partition trauma and youth still reads him.

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Theoretical Framework
In this current study, the researcher beautifies the research to use these two theoretical frameworks to check readers' needs via uses and gratifications and youth's perception according to reader-response theory as Iser's study based on novel consistency building to generate some strong reader response related to the text. Uses and gratification theory proposes that it deals with all emotional and other moods of users, like choosing to switch television channels and select different programs to satisfy their emotional needs (Blumler, 1979). The researcher attempts to study to identify the reasons for Manto's readership in youth, and as per Blumler and Katz (Blumler, 1979;Katz at al. 1973), users need to explore whether Manto's fiction is creating any psychological effects on youth (anxiety, frustration). Researchers in this study discusses the essence of requirements to interact and adopt new life patterns, according to the information they get from newspapers, magazines, cable television, and a vast range of variables.
Results have shown that the exposure to mass media and its effects are more substantial than deliberated before (Donohew et al., 1987).
The theory is prevalent in both the United States and Germany; its key (Wolfgang, 1978) reasoned in The Act of Reading that message with text is an active process, Iser's study primarily dedicated to the novel in which uniformity construction by the reader is possibly more astonishing to realize as he suggested that text have some gaps and these gaps filled by the readers who created meanings and interact with the text. The theory proposed that reader create his meanings rather than conceive writer's perception as this current study researcher explore the psychological effects of youth how they perceive and conceive Manto's fiction to investigate the traditions in which diverse readers, occasionally named "interpretive communities," to generate meaning based on their reactions and natural or traditionally accustomed behaviors of reading. In this current study, the researcher has analyzed the youth's perception regarding Manto's fiction, whether it has been eroticism, Obscenity, and to investigate the role that people generate some understanding about social iniquities from his fiction, which could create some behavior changes in youth regarding social taboos. Lobo (2013) studied that many researchers explain reader-response theory with the importance of text interpretations were nearly a century ago School of Media and Communication Studies Volume 1 Issue 2, Fall 2021 criticism discussed by Plato and Aristotle had on the audience's feedback concluded from the text (Donohew et al., 1987). The explanation given in this theory defined two main points, the importance of readers intellectualize will not be ignored, and secondly, readers are not passive in getting the information they actively conceive to implement such literature. The researchers of this study hypothesized the following based on the debate mentioned above: H1: Manto's Fiction creates anxiety in youth H2: Manto's Fiction creates eroticism in youth H3: Manto's Fiction creates awareness about social taboos

Research Methodology
In academic research, two types of data are typically required: primary and secondary sources (Ali, 2021). Because our study is analytical, the data gathered from primary sources must include the original work sought by the investigators during their examination. In this contemporary study, the researcher has found a new aspect to work on Sadaat Hasan Manto to find out the psychological effects of his fiction on youth. Manto was a genuine legend who kept up the nobility of his work in the artistic world that made him alive, world-renowned him after the times of his passing (Bisai, 2021).
Pakistani Government gave him tribute after the death brilliance of Sitara-e-Imtiaz in 2012, and Geo movies gave him tribute in 2015 to make a biopic film on "Manto," which gave him restoration. In this review, the researchers need to investigate why the youth still read Manto. The methodological gap in this study is a research gap since many researchers explore Manto using a qualitative approach. This research was based on an academic dissertation in which researchers investigated Manto using a broader approach with a survey method with a good number of participants. Researchers in this study used closed-ended questionnaires to elicit feedback from participants on the specific objectives identified in the study and to assess the stated research hypothesis.
Data was collected from the youth of three public and three private universities in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Using a self-administered technique as part of the survey, demographic characteristics such as age constraints (18-30), education limits (minimum graduation), and gender Media and Communication Review Volume 1 Issue 2, Fall 2021 (both male and female) were chosen for data collection. Populations for the survey were youth from selected universities based on a high number of students in Lahore. Purposive testing was utilized. Researchers have described the non-probability sampling practices, convenience, and purposing sampling. This sampling is used to design when randomization is not easy to achieve data (Etikan et al., 2016). The measurement scales utilized in this study were created from previously published studies, and that was based on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from "strongly disagree" to "strongly agree."

Findings and Discussion
The study was intended to explore the psychological effects of Saadat Hasan Manto's Fiction on youth. The exposure of Manto fiction checked by the availability of his content from a different school of thought was invested in observing the psychological effects (Sengupta, 2022). Uses and Gratification and Reader-response theory provided the conceptual framework of this research. Data was collected from the public universities of Lahore and analyzed with the help of SPSS statistical software. This research focuses on how literary representations of social, political, and cultural impressions are depicted and their psychological effects on the youth of Lahore. Many authors used the Partition as a motif in their works, and history was woven into English translations of Indian writing. History encompasses social, cultural, and political situations in a specific time. Many academics looked into the partition literature produced by various people (Memon, 1980;Pandey, 2020). Through a descriptive analysis, the researcher found an association between Manto's fiction and the youth of Lahore. This connectivity helped the researchers to check psychological effects on youth, and there is also an interaction present when youth read Manto's fiction according to their perception and gratifications. Sadaat Hasan Manto was a name of gigantic legend, and his legendary work and his name are still alive in all available mediums for youth, whether it's print or electronic mediums (Bisai, 2021).
The reader-response theory is a framework used to relate youth perceptions about "Sadaat Hasan Manto's fiction and Uses and Gratification framework" used to explore reading patterns and choices of youth for exposure. According to their own choices and requirements,

School of Media and Communication Studies
Volume 1 Issue 2, Fall 2021 consumers' effective needs and tension-free needs are defined in Uses and Gratification to select any medium of print or electronic media (Blumler, 1979). The role of readers cannot be ignored in getting the meaning of content. Literature is only based on the reader's perceptions and understanding to consume the ideas as the active audience (Tyson, 2014).
Wolfgang Isere's theory of reader response can be functional to a legendary work to study that will be applied to discover the individualities of the different natures of readers' reactions and theorists emphasized on human perceptions that they are bringing out from textual structures (Tompkins, 1982). Following the arguments of these theoretical approaches, researchers explore that youth seeking literature for entertainment and exposure benefits youth to gain information according to their interest levels (Rafiq & John, 2021). The researchers hypothesized that Manto's Fiction creates anxiety and erotic thoughts in youth. Furthermore, Manto's fiction also creates awareness about social taboos. In this notion, researchers conducted research on exposure of Manto's fiction in youth, which led to positively relate to the abilities to get information, entertainment, and exposure to the collective consequences and psychological effects of the intrepid content of Manto's fiction as well (Abbas et al., 2021).
This research is based on Manto's fiction to find out the research question about frustration after reading his fiction. Manto was considered a portrait of the psyche; many researchers worked on his mental levels and his connectivity between geniuses and madness (Jokinen & Assadullah, 2019). Manto died at an early age due to access to alcohol; that's why that was a common myth about him that he was a frustrated man who was gravely upset due to his financial situation (Sengupta, 2022). According to the descriptive data of this study, the respondents gave different standpoints about stress and anxiety 93.0% was agreed to feel anger after reading his fiction, whereas 50.8% disagreed. 94.4% were agreed that his fiction makes them feel pessimistic. All findings related to stress showed that youth conceived his fiction as stressful, although Manto's Fiction somehow lowers their positive behavior regarding society as 94.6% were accepted this, and 47.4% were rejected. Manto expressed gender discrimination and male supremacy in his fiction, creating 91.0% stress in youth. 93.4% of Media and Communication Review Volume 1 Issue 2, Fall 2021 survey youth felt fear in social interaction after reading his fiction somehow all the reality-based incidents of partition gave a vital element of disquiet in his fiction, and youth perceived that incidents according to their concept his fiction are a source of anxiety and frustration (Jokinen & Assadullah, 2019).
Toba Tek Singh considers Manto's masterpiece in which he described the conversation between mentally ill people who were concerned about partitions and discussed their feelings regarding each other; that's terrible time was beautifully expressed by Manto that psych patients in asylums also affected with this partition. Uniyal (2020) stated that the story "Open It" was another miserable fiction in which a daughter was raped by her country volunteers, and she was in terrible condition then she tries to undress in unconsciousness due to continuous raped by her survivors. Such intense stories might create stress in his readers' findings, showing 30.0% stress in youth, 28.2% were agreed that male supremacy in his fiction generates stress, and 27.4 agreed to feel fear in social interactions after reading him.
Manto's fiction are popular with youth due to his controversial identity in literature. He was famous in his past as a most courageous man to write what he was observed and touched for society (Juthi, 2019). Manto wrote all brutality before and after partition, which never influenced him to use sugar-coated expressions. He said once that if you cannot tolerate my fiction, you are not deserving of this society; nothing is wrong with my stories; it is all the ruthless reflection of your society (Bisai, 2021). Manto was already famous in youth; those who didn't read him at least know his name. According to the survey, his popularity due to his controversial reputation showed 83.4% positive results, and only 22.8% disagreed with reading him due to his reputation. Sarmad Khoosat directed his biopic and chose only his fictional work after partition from 1948-1955 before his death; that movie released in August 2015 by Geo Films gave him more popularity and understanding in youth. Nandita Das film is one of more biopics of Manto's non-fictional work; both these biopics about iconic legend Sadaat Hasan Manto fascinate youth to read him, as per survey result shown 87.6% of youth persuades him to scene him on the big screen, and only 29.2% disagreed and read him before that biopic released in Pakistan 2015. 85.2% choose to read him for exposure and entertainment only 17.6% of youth refuse his fiction to the source of entertainment and exposure.

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Volume 1 Issue 2, Fall 2021 Manto faced many obscenity trials in his life both before and after partition. Manto's fiction creates sexual appeal and gratification (Abbas et al., 2021). Manto wrote openly about sexuality, but he was not a sexual content writer, although openly wrote about men women sexual intimate moments based on his depiction, he said in Bombay stories that "if a woman is the center of attraction for the man than why man needs bodily deeds in such sacred human emotions, love is just being physical" (Juthi, 2019).
Further findings showed the result of sexual gratification statements like 95.0% of youth were accepted this, and 65.2% refused to read him for sexual gratification. Youth considered him to write openly about sexuality as 86.6% of youth agreed with the statement, whereas only 20.0% disagreed. In another statement to experienced erotic thoughts during read his fiction, the large number of youth agreed. Results showed 91.0% acceptance, and 34.8% disagreed with feeling eroticism. The youth felt that appeal created by his fiction; some read him due to his bold and controversial identity about sexuality. 73.0% of youth thought that sexism written by Manto was quite close to reality; only 13.4% have disagreed, and 29.6% were undefined in this regard. Eroticism is also dealing with the perspective of psychological effects because that's a matter of human emotions completely controlled by sub-conscious levels; as a result, showing that openly sexuality written in Sadaat Hasan Manto fiction gave them sexual appeal (Faryad et al., 2021). Manto's Fiction provides them with the distinction between ethical and unethical behaviors towards humanity (Bisai, 2021).
Manto's fiction creates awareness about social taboos in youth. He boldly wrote about marginalized groups (prostitutes, pimps) in his time. 85.8% deliberated that Manto's Fiction transforms their vision about Marginalized groups; he talked much about discrimination in society (Rafiq & John, 2021). The brutality of partition that family friends would become more enormous beasts and offenders to play with each other self-esteem and to kill and rape women in front of their own families. 76.0% of youth believed that vast themes of his fiction create consciousness about social evils like rapes, women exploitation, and inequality in our society; only 14.6% disagreed.

Media and Communication Review
Volume 1 Issue 2, Fall 2021 The way Manto conferences about men women relationship creates awareness about the self-regarding reality of human needs and emotions (Abbas et qal., 2021). Sadaat Hasan Manto stands to be more known after his biopic on the big screen, although his work always became part of our theater, telefilms, and electronic channels. In this modern era, social media trends on their peak youth share Manto's quotes from his fiction on their Facebook posts. He was rebellious in his life, and after his death, the immense piece of his art continuously gave him prominence, and he will be alive forever with his identity being Manto (Ali, 2021). The result has shown that the different treatment of real-life characterization in his fiction creates awareness about social taboos and injustices of society (Rafiq & John, 2021). a. 2 cells (8.0%) have an expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 4.12. Table 1 shows that the value of the Pearson chi-square is .000, which is less than the significant value, i-e 0.5; hence, H1 is proved, which means that Manto's Fiction creates anxiety in youth. Table 2 shows that the value of the Pearson chi-square is .000, which is less than the significant value, i-e 0.5; hence, H2 is proved, which means that Manto's Fiction creates eroticism in youth. Readers considered that he openly wrote about sexuality; findings show its actual conjoint viewpoint to read something sensual will affect human emotions.

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Volume 1 Issue 2, Fall 2021 .000 a. 1 cell (4.0%) has an expected count of less than 5. The minimum expected count is 3.41. Table 3 Chi-Square Tests 1 .000 a. 7 cells (28.0%) have an expected count of less than 5. The minimum expected count is .43. Table 3 shows that the value of the Pearson chi-square is .000, which is less than the significant value, i-e 0.5; hence, H3 is proved, which means that Manto's Fiction creates awareness about social taboos in youth. Most of his fictional work is based on partition agonies and glooms that were itself a bothersome period everybody has his uncertainties to protect himself rather than to support others.

Conclusion and Empirical Contributions
The notion that the text itself is nothing but human senses to create and express thoughts according to their comprehension was emphasized by readers. In this study, the researchers aimed to identify the effects of Manto's readership among youth to explore why they choose him and what they get from his fiction. The findings revealed the understanding and Media and Communication Review Volume 1 Issue 2, Fall 2021 association of youth with Sadaat Hasan Manto's fiction and psychological effects on them. The conclusion is drawn in the light of survey results regarding youth responses about him as well as this fiction creates awareness about social taboos and support youth to transform their vision for marginalized groups, they also create anxiety and frustration to feel the pain of partition. Manto's fiction also elicits thoughts of eroticism when youth reading about sexuality as defined by him. This study confirms that Youth has exposure to reading him because of his controversial reputation; furthermore, his biopic on the big screen persuades youth to read him. His Fiction will never be boring for readers of any age because of the variety he has written, and precisely, he was a humanist who wrote what he has seen that makes him more authentic for his readers (Ispahani, 1988).