Review of E-Government program: A case study on Islamic Republic of Iraq

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E-Government initiatives in Iraq have the potential to reshape the way public services are delivered by improving efficiency, transparency, and citizen engagement. Despite this promise, the journey toward successful implementation faces several challenges, including weak digital infrastructure, cybersecurity threats, and resistance to change among key stakeholders. At the same time, there are important enablers—such as government support, digital literacy programs, and the growth of information and communication technology (ICT)—that can help drive progress in this area. This review explores both the barriers and facilitators of e-government adoption in Iraq, with a particular focus on its connection to sustainable development. Prior research identifies major hurdles such as limited internet coverage, low digital skills, and bureaucratic red tape, but also points to factors like policy initiatives and foreign aid that can support digital transformation. Moreover, e-governance plays a growing role in promoting sustainability by cutting down on paperwork, conserving resources, and creating more inclusive access to government services. However, there is still limited evidence-based research examining how e-government initiatives directly contribute to sustainability outcomes in Iraq. This paper highlights the need for further studies and practical strategies that can help bridge this gap, ensuring that digital governance not only modernizes the public sector but also contributes to long-term social, economic, and environmental well-being.