Scientific Inquiry and Review

Comparative Assessment of Adams-Bashforth-Moulton, 4th order Runge-Kutta, and Euler Methods for the Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanostructures via the Lengyel Epstein Reaction Model

2025-11-19T07:55:43+00:00

The purpose of this research study is to determine which approximation technique is the most successful in studying the rise in ion concentrations in forms of zinc oxide nanostructures using the Lengyel Epstein reaction model. To achieve this objective, ordinary differential equations are formulated utilizing three separate numerical methods that includes Euler, Adams Bashforth Moulton (ABM) and 4^th order Runge Kutta (RK) methods. This research aims to identify the optimal approximation approach for computing concentrations of zinc ions Zn⁺² and hydroxyl ions OH^- while examining the reaction kinetics of zinc oxide nanostructures. The research findings indicate that the ABM approach surpasses the Euler and RK methods convergence speed and reduced error relative to the Euler and RK methods. The ABM approach further verifies experimental findings about ZnO nanostructure synthesis by the aqueous chemical growth (ACG) process, that affirms its efficacy practically.

On Irregularity Indices for Fractal and Cayley Tree Type Dendrimers

2025-11-19T08:15:46+00:00

Let be a simple connected (molecular) graph with and as the vertex and edge sets respectively. A graph is supposed to be regular if all vertices have equal degree, otherwise irregular. The fractal and cayley trees are irregular acyclic and connected graphs which are widely used to develop signal amplifiers for biosensors, cellular imaging and genetic engineering. The topological index (TI) serves as a mathematical function for determining numerical values of molecular graphs, aiding in the prediction of diverse physical, chemical, biological, thermodynamic, and structural properties. An irregular index, a specific type of TI, quantifies the irregularity of atomic bonding within chemical compounds represented by the graphs under analysis. This study focuses on calculating the irregularity indices for fractal dendrimers and Cayley tree-type dendrimers. A comparative analysis of the obtained indices is conducted using their numerical values and 3D visualizations. Lastly, the most efficient and consistent irregularity indices for fractal and Cayley tree dendrimers are identified and discussed.
Keywords:Topological descriptors; Irregularity indices, Fractal dendrimers and Cayley tree dendrimers.
MSC (2020) Subject Classification: 05C09; 05C92

A Comprehensive Review on Supplementary Cementitious Materials – Progress, Environmental Impact, and Future Sustainability Challenges

2025-11-27T07:34:12+00:00

Cement is widely used material in construction industry. High performance concrete arranges extensive supplementary materials and Portland cement which detect the use in construction industry. This study investigates different supplementary cementitious materials, when these supplementary materials are mixed with cement, they increase their compressive as well as mechanical strength. Materials like metakaolin, blast furnace slag, silica fume, laterites, fly ash, rice husk ash, Nano-materials, blended cement and sugar-cane bagasse. In fresh concrete properties the mechanical strength estimates development of elastic modulus, strain due to shrinkage, in compressive strength and flexural strength. Conventional concrete like blast furnace slag and fly ashes have been used for many decades assemble the impacts on cement hydration and concrete properties. Supplementary cementitious materials are the key components of cement andthe replacement of cement with other supplementary materials is a widelyadopted industrial process and study the effects of CO₂ emission and absorption for precast cement production and their environmental impacts. The research helps to summarize the progress and availability of different supplementary materials, their environmental impacts on cement performance and durability and some challenges which faced by construction industry and achievement of sustainable supplementary material.