Scientific Inquiry and Review

Influence of Radiation on the Slip Flow of Hydromagnetic Fluid through a Semi-porous Channel

Shafqat Ali — 2025-09-29

This study discusses hydromagnetic flow and the movement of a fluid with adhesive property through a channel that is semi-porous. For this purpose, the slip condition is taken at a bottom wall and its thermal effects are noted. Presumably, the channel has porous upper boundaries and non-porous lower boundaries. The equation of fluid motion and a number of linear ordinary differential equations are combined. To find a simplified logical equation, Homotopy Analysis Method (HAM) is applied. For numerical computations of the problem, the shooting method is applied. The heat transfer effects in the flow, being complex, are simplified into graphic displays. Both methods are equally compared, as shown through graphs.

Quantum Principles from Time-Phase Geometry: A Relativistic Foundation for Uncertainty, Superposition, and Interference

Rodrigo Steinvorth — 2025-09-29

In this paper, we extend the framework introduced in [1], which proposed a two-dimensional model of time as a means to reconcile relativistic invariance with quantum discreteness. Building on this foundation, we derive key principles of quantum theory such as the uncertainty and exclusion principles and also introduce a fourth postulate: “The probability of an event is the same in all inertial frames of reference (IFR), independent of the observer's position in space.” This postulate enables us also to derive the probability amplitude interference from a purely relativistic time-phase geometry. We show that trajectories in the two-dimensional time plane, governed by relativistic constraints and discrete frequency-phase dynamics, naturally give rise to quantized measurements and path-based superposition. Using the Mach-Zehnder interferometer as an illustrative case, we demonstrate that the square of the proper time trajectory corresponds to quantum probability and interference phenomena emerge from the structure of phase evolution in time. Our formulation also aligns with Feynman’s path integral framework, showing that quantum mechanics can be interpreted as a direct geometric consequence of extended relativistic principles.

Polymeric Rod-shaped Lanthanum Oxide Nanoparticles Generated from Polygonum Minus Leaf Extract: Synthesis, Characterization, and Antioxidant Activities

Mariam Achakzai — 2025-09-29

The need to synthesise metal nanoparticles has emerged in recent years due to their wide range of applications in various biological activities. This study reports a facile and rapid synthesis of biogenic lanthanum nanoparticles using Polygonum minus leaf extract as reducing agent. The reduction of La⁺³ to elemental La rapidly occured and was completed within 10 minutes at room temperature. Moreover, the size of nanoparticles is higly sensitive to leaf extract concentration and pH. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using Fourier transform infra-red (FT-IR), energy dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDX), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), and UV-Visible (Uv-Vis) spectroscopy. The FTIR analysis of the La₂O₃ NPs confirmed the presence of characteristic La-O band at 614 cm^-1. The band of La₂O₃ NPs was observed in the range of 300-400 nm in Uv-Vis spectrum, which further affirmed its successful synthesis. The EDAX analysis confirmed the presence of La in the produced nanoparticles. FESEM showed them as elongated rod-like structure with a uniform particle size of about 343 nm, determined by image J software and confirming their rod-like morphology. The virtual broad band in the XRD pattern revealed the lack of a periodic crystal structure, implying that the produced nanoparticles were entirely amorphous. The TG-DTA results showed their thermal stability. Further, the nanoparticles were subjected to antioxidant activity using DPPH assay. The results revealed that La₂O₃NPs exhibited 28.3% inhibition. The synthesized nanoparticles open new frontiers for various other biological applications.

Synthesis and Characterization of Highly Crystalline Strontium Metal-Organic Frameworks using 1,4-Benzenedicarboxylic Acid (BDC) Organic Linker

Rashid Mehmood — 2025-09-29

In this work, strontium Metal Organic Framework (MOF) using 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid (BDC) as the organic linker has been synthesized and characterized. Several industries, such as catalysis, gas storage, and medicinal delivery, have shown interest in strontium metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). Synthesis involves a solvothermal procedure where a controlled reaction environment in which strontium ions are coordinated with BDC ligands, leads to the creation of porous crystalline MOF structures. Various analytical methods were used to characterize the synthesized Sr-MOF. These methods included X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and electron dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Strontium metal-organic frameworks with different structural characteristics have been successfully formed, as evidenced by the characterization results. Also, learning about the solvents employed for reaction requirements. By expanding our understanding of Sr-MOF materials and their properties, this study paves the way for future investigations in materials science and chemistry.

Tracing of the Chemical Signatures of Various Flammable Liquids from Common Crime Scene Substrates

Mudassar Baig — 2025-09-29

This study employs Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) to detect and differentiate ignitable liquid residues (ILRs) and pyrolysis products (PyPs) in fire debris samples, in accordance with the ASTM E1618-06 standard method. Accurate identification of ILRs is critical in fire investigations to determine whether accelerants were used. This can aid in distinguishing accidental fires from intentional fires. Hence, GC-MS analysis was conducted on fire debris collected from common household furnishing materials (substrates) to assess the influence of substrate interference on ILR detection. The results demonstrated that the recovery and identification of ILRs are influenced by their boiling point range and their degree of retention within the substrate matrix. Out of the 19 fire debris samples analyzed, ignitable liquid residues (ILRs) were successfully detected in 15. While, PyPs, often a source of analytical interference, were distinguished based on their characteristic chromatographic patterns. They were detected in 8 substrates. However, neither ILRs nor PyPs were found in 4 substrates. This study emphasizes the importance of robust analytical protocols to distinguish ILRs from pyrolysis compounds, especially in complex matrices. The findings contribute valuable insights towards improving the reliability and accuracy of fire debris analysis, thereby enhancing forensic fire investigations.