Scientific Inquiry and Review

Comparative Assessment of Adams-Bashforth-Moulton, 4th order Runge-Kutta, and Euler Methods for the Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanostructures via the Lengyel Epstein Reaction Model

Kaniz Fatima — 2025-07-01

The current study aimed to determine which approximation technique is the most successful in studying the rise in ion concentrations in forms of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) nanostructures using the Lengyel Epstein Reaction Model. To achieve this objective, Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs) were formulated utilizing three separate numerical methods. These included Euler, Adams-Bashforth-Moulton (ABM), and 4th Order Runge-Kutta (RK) methods. The current study aimed to identify the optimal approximation approach for computing concentrations of zinc ions Zn+2 and hydroxyl ions OH- while examining the reaction kinetics of ZnO nanostructures. The research findings indicated that the ABM approach surpasses the Euler and RK methods, convergence speed, and reduced error relative to the Euler and RK methods. The ABM approach further verifies experimental findings about ZnO nanostructure synthesis by the aqueous chemical growth (ACG) process, that affirms its efficacy practically

Convergence and Ulam-Hyers-Rassias Stability Analyses of Numerical Solutions of Bratu Type Equations using Picard Method

Saif Ullah — 2025-08-18

The Bratu equation is a basic nonlinear boundary value problem with important applications to fuel ignition, thermal combustion, and nanotechnology. The current article presents a new application of the Picard iterative technique to find accurate approximate solutions for this equation. Firstly, the conditions for existence and uniqueness of the solutions are determined. Furthermore, the article provides an explicit formulation of Picard’s scheme for second-order ordinary differential equations and its particular implementation to the Bratu type problem. The iterative solutions obtained are analyzed thoroughly for convergence and are proved to be Ulam-Hyers-Rassias stable, a very strong type of stability not yet known for these kind of solutions. Numerical tests for three cases ( , 2, and the critical value ) are shown to exemplify outstanding accuracy of the proposed approach. A thorough comparison with known techniques including the Adomian Decomposition Method, Homotopy Perturbation Method, and Variational Iteration Method indicates that the Picard iterative scheme is much better in terms of accuracy since its maximum absolute errors are much smaller

Stretching a Surface in a Rotating Fluid through Porous Medium

Shafqat Ali — 2025-09-19

This article is related to the study of rotating flow of a viscous fluid originated due to the stretching of the surface over which the fluid exists. The main idea focuses on the effects of slip velocity and the porosity of the medium. The Homotopy Analysis Method (HAM) is utilized to get analytical expressions of the flow variables. The similarity transformations are used to convert the involved partial differential equations into ordinary differential equations. The effect of the porosity and slip velocity parameters are presented through graphs. It is found that the parameter of porosity increases the similarity velocity profiles of the rotating fluid.

A Comprehensive Review on Supplementary Cementitious Materials – Progress, Environmental Impact, and Future Sustainability Challenges

Nimra Iqbal — 2025-09-30

High-performance concrete involves the use of massive quantities of Portland cement and other Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCMs), which add to its performance and sustainability. In this paper, the researcher examines the impacts of various SCMs on concrete and concludes that, the use of these materials with cement enhances compressive and mechanical strength. Ordinary SCMs are metakaolin, blast furnace slag, silica fume, laterite, fly ash, rice husk ash, nano-materials, blended cement, and sugarcane bagasse ash. In fresh concrete, SCMs affect the mechanical properties, which include elastic modulus development, strain of shrinkage, compressive strength, and flexural strength. The use of traditional SCMs, such as BFS and fly ash, has up until now been in use over decades and the effects of the SCMs on cement hydration and concrete performance are well documented. SCMs are important constituents of cementitious systems and the replacement of the ordinary Portland cement partially by them is a popular industrial practice. The application of SCMs also leads to the sustainability of the environment through decreased CO2 emissions. Carbon footprint can be reduced to a considerable extent by using partially replaced Portland cement with environmentally-friendly powders (fly ash, slag, rice husk ash, or metakaolin). The cement production is a highly energy-consuming process which emits high levels of CO2 throughout the process of limestone calcination, thus the integration of SCMs can help to save energy and minimize the emissions of greenhouse gases. Other than environmental advantages, SCMs enhance the durability of concrete, its strength and its resistance to chemical attack by refining its microstructure with the reaction of pozzolans. In general, the research on SCMs sums up their availability, influence on cement performance and durability, environmental impacts, and challenges of the construction sector and all points to the movement toward more sustainable concrete production

Determination of Aflatoxins B1, Proximate and Sensory Parameters in Different Edible Products Collected from Local Market of Lahore, Pakistan

Muhammad Aslam — 2025-09-10

The research was performed to determine the Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), proximate, and sensory parameters in different edible products collected from local markets of Lahore. Total 185 samples were collected from the local markets of Lahore, Pakistan, ensuring that they have different levels of aflatoxin. Only 30 (16.2%) samples of rice gave AFB1 (e.g., 1.57ppb, 2.34ppb, 3.79ppb and 4.01ppb) out of 185 samples. Other aflatoxin types were absent in this research. The proximate, physiochemical, and sensory characteristics of different edible products were determined. Proximate protein, fiber, fat, ash, moisture content, and gluten were determined. Brix value, specific gravity, pH, and acidity were also evaluated. These edible products showed values of 6.14% and 10.2% protein in the flour and whole wheat, 21.21% fiber in corn leaves, 0.71% and 10.2% fat in beta-carotene and nankhatai biscuits, and 8% gluten in the flour. The sensory parameters were detected as odor and solubility in different edible products. It was concluded that Super Basmati Parboiled Brown Rice contained the highest amounts of aflatoxins. While, the proximate parameters and sensory parameters were in their acceptable range. In order to make edible products safe, there is a need to reduce the amounts of aflatoxins in edible products