Scientific Inquiry and Review

Comparative Assessment of Adams-Bashforth-Moulton, 4th order Runge-Kutta, and Euler Methods for the Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanostructures via the Lengyel Epstein Reaction Model

Kaniz Fatima, Basit Ali, Sarwat Ishaque, Asif Sumeer, Qaiser Hafeez — Mon, 29 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The current study aimed to determine which approximation technique is the most successful in studying the rise in ion concentrations in forms of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) nanostructures using the Lengyel Epstein Reaction Model. To achieve this objective, Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs) were formulated utilizing three separate numerical methods. These included Euler, Adams-Bashforth-Moulton (ABM), and 4th Order Runge-Kutta (RK) methods. The current study aimed to identify the optimal approximation approach for computing concentrations of zinc ions Zn+2 and hydroxyl ions OH- while examining the reaction kinetics of ZnO nanostructures. The research findings indicated that the ABM approach surpasses the Euler and RK methods, convergence speed, and reduced error relative to the Euler and RK methods. The ABM approach further verifies experimental findings about ZnO nanostructure synthesis by the aqueous chemical growth (ACG) process, that affirms its efficacy practically.

Convergence and Ulam-Hyers-Rassias Stability Analyses of Numerical Solutions of Bratu Type Equations using Picard Method

Saif Ullah, Muzaher Ali, Sana Bajwa, Ahsan Bilal — Mon, 29 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

A detailed investigation of properties and numerical solutions of Bratu type equations is performed in this article. The approximate solutions of Bratu differential equations are computed by Picard's iterative scheme. The existence, uniqueness and convergence of solutions are verified for every example. It has also been proved that Bratu type equations are Ulam-Hyers-Rassias stable. Furthermore, the derived results are compared with those already exist in the literature so as to validate that Picard's scheme estimates the actual solutions very precisely as compared to other numerical techniques. The absolute errors are also estimated and compared which verified that results obtained by Picard's method have least error.

Stretching a Surface in a Rotating Fluid through Porous Medium

Fri, 19 Dec 2025 11:08:36 +0000

This article is related to the study of rotating flow of a viscous fluid originated due to the stretching of the surface over which the fluid exists. The main idea focuses on the effects of slip velocity and the porosity of the medium. The Homotopy Analysis Method (HAM) is utilized to get analytical expressions of the flow variables. The similarity transformations are used to convert the involved partial differential equations into ordinary differential equations. The effect of the porosity and slip velocity parameters are presented through graphs. It is found that the parameter of porosity increases the similarity velocity profiles of the rotating fluid.

A Comprehensive Review on Supplementary Cementitious Materials – Progress, Environmental Impact, and Future Sustainability Challenges

Wed, 19 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Cement is widely used material in construction industry. High performance concrete arranges extensive supplementary materials and Portland cement which detect the use in construction industry. This study investigates different supplementary cementitious materials, when these supplementary materials are mixed with cement, they increase their compressive as well as mechanical strength. Materials like metakaolin, blast furnace slag, silica fume, laterites, fly ash, rice husk ash, Nano-materials, blended cement and sugar-cane bagasse. In fresh concrete properties the mechanical strength estimates development of elastic modulus, strain due to shrinkage, in compressive strength and flexural strength. Conventional concrete like blast furnace slag and fly ashes have been used for many decades assemble the impacts on cement hydration and concrete properties. Supplementary cementitious materials are the key components of cement andthe replacement of cement with other supplementary materials is a widelyadopted industrial process and study the effects of CO₂ emission and absorption for precast cement production and their environmental impacts. The research helps to summarize the progress and availability of different supplementary materials, their environmental impacts on cement performance and durability and some challenges which faced by construction industry and achievement of sustainable supplementary material.

Determination of Aflatoxins B1, Proximate and Sensory Parameters in Different Edible Products Collected from Local Market of Lahore, Pakistan

Thu, 18 Dec 2025 07:13:52 +0000

The research was performed to determine the Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), proximate, and sensory parameters in different edible products collected from local markets of Lahore. Total 185 samples were collected from the local markets of Lahore, Pakistan, ensuring that they have different levels of aflatoxin. Only 30 (16.2%) samples of rice gave AFB1 (e.g., 1.57ppb, 2.34ppb, 3.79ppb and 4.01ppb) out of 185 samples. Other aflatoxin types were absent in this research. The proximate, physiochemical, and sensory characteristics of different edible products were determined. Proximate protein, fiber, fat, ash, moisture content, and gluten were determined. Brix value, specific gravity, pH, and acidity were also evaluated. These edible products showed values of 6.14% and 10.2% protein in the flour and whole wheat, 21.21% fiber in corn leaves, 0.71% and 10.2% fat in beta-carotene and nankhatai biscuits, and 8% gluten in the flour. The sensory parameters were detected as odor and solubility in different edible products. It was concluded that Super Basmati Parboiled Brown Rice contained the highest amounts of aflatoxins. While, the proximate parameters and sensory parameters were in their acceptable range. In order to make edible products safe, there is a need to reduce the amounts of aflatoxins in edible products.