Procrastination and Academic Self-Efficacy Among University Students: Role of Time Management as a Mediator

MUSSARAT JABEEN KHAN; Kirat  Siddique; Shifa  Abbasi; Ayesha  Noor; Sakina  Batool

MUSSARAT JABEEN KHAN International Islamic University Islamabad
Kirat Siddique International Islamic University Islamabad
Shifa Abbasi International Islamic University Islamabad
Ayesha Noor International Islamic University Islamabad
Sakina Batool International Islamic University Islamabad

Keywords: Procrastination, Academic self-efficacy, Time management, University Students

Abstract

Abstract Views: 0

The current study investigates the mediating effect of time management in the relationship between procrastination and academic self-efficacy among university students. The data was collected from different universities of Islamabad and Rawalpindi among University students (N= 181; Male, Female) through a survey approach, using convenience sampling technique. General Procrastination Scale (Sirois et al., 2019), General Academic Self- Efficacy Scale (Nielsen et al., 2017), and Time Management scale (Britton & Tesser, 1991) were used to measure procrastination, academic self-efficacy and time management skills among university students. The research findings revealed the significant negative correlation between procrastination and academic self-efficacy among university students. The findings imply that there is a significant negative correlation between procrastination and time management whereas; time management shows a positive correlation with academic self-efficacy. Findings revealed that procrastination significantly negatively predicted academic self-efficacy. The total effect of procrastination decreased after accounting for time management, indicating mediation. The gender does not have a significant difference in procrastination, time management and academic self-efficacy. The results show that graduate, undergraduate, and postgraduate education levels did not significantly differ in procrastination and time management. However, postgraduate students had the greatest mean score in academic self- efficacy compared to undergraduates and graduates. According to the study, institutions of higher learning can put ideas in to action, offer individualized counseling, and create a positive learning atmosphere.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Afzal, S., & Jami, H. (2018). Prevalence of academic procrastination and reasons for academic procrastination in university students. Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 28(1), 51–69.

Alyami, A., Abdulwahed, A., Azhar, A., Binsaddik, A., & Bafaraj, S. M. (2021). Impact of time- management on the students’ academic performance: A cross-sectional study. Creative Education, 12(3), 471–485. https://doi.org/10.4236/ce.2021.123033

Ariani, D. W., & Susilo, Y. S. (2018). Why do it later? Goal orientation, self-efficacy, test anxiety, on procrastination. Journal of Educational, Cultural and Psychological Studies, (17), 45–73. https://doi.org/10.7358/ecps-2018-017-wahy

Artino, A. R., Jr. (2012). Academic self-efficacy: From educational theory to instructional practice. Perspectives on Medical Education, 1(2), 76–85. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40037-012-0012-5

Ashraf, M. A., Sahar, N., Kamran, M., & Alam, J. (2023). Impact of self-efficacy and perfectionism on academic procrastination among university students in Pakistan. Behavioural Sciences, 13(7), Article e537. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13070537

Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioural change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191–215. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191

Britton, B. K., & Tesser, A. (1991). Effects of time-management practices on college grades. Journal of Educational Psychology, 83(3), 405–410. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.83.3.405

Cerino, E. S. (2014). Relationships between academic motivation, self-efficacy, and academic procrastination. Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research, 19(4), 156–163. https://doi.org/10.24839/2164-8204.jn19.4.156

Chesnut, S. R., & Cullen, T. A. (2014). Effects of self-efficacy, emotional intelligence, and perceptions of future work environment on preservice teacher commitment. The Teacher Educator, 49(2),116–132.https://doi.org/10.1080/08878730.2014.887168

De Paola, M., & Scoppa, V. (2015). Procrastination, academic success and the effectiveness of a remedial program. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 115, 217–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2014.12.007

Evans, J. (1989). 4. Concepts and inference. Mind & Language, 4(1–2), 29–34. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0017.1989.tb00237.x

Ferrari, J. R. (1991). Compulsive procrastination: Some self-reported characteristics. Psychological Reports, 68(2), 455–458. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.68.2.455-458

Goher, F., Angaiz, D., & Batool, M. (2022). Exploring the relationship between academic procrastination, academic stress and academic performance of students studying in BS (hons.) Final semester at a public university in Gilgit-city. Pakistan Journal of Social Research, 4(4), 383–392. https://doi.org/10.52567/pjsr.v4i04.822

Hernández‐Linares, R., López‐Fernández, M. C., Eddleston, K. A., & Kellermanns, F. (2023). Learning to be entrepreneurial: Do family firms gain more from female leadership than nonfamily firms? Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 17(4), 971–1001. https://doi.org/10.1002/sej.1482

Kandemir, M. (2014). The predictors of academic procrastination: responsibility, attributional styles regarding success/failure, and beliefs in academic self-efficacy. Egitim Ve Bilim-Education and Science, 39, 99–114.

Lay, C. H. (1986). At last, my research article on procrastination. Journal of Research in Personality, 20(4), 474–495. https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-6566(86)90127-3

Liu, G., Cheng, G., Hu, J., Pan, Y., & Zhao, S. (2020). Academic self-efficacy and postgraduate procrastination: A moderated mediation model. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, Article e1752 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01752

Macan, T. H. (1994). Time management: Test of a process model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79(3), 381–391. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.79.3.381

Milgram, N. A., Batori, G., & Mowrer, D. (1993). Correlates of academic procrastination. Journal of School Psychology, 31(4), 487–500. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-4405(93)90033-f

Michinov, N., Brunot, S., Bohec, O. L., Juhel, J., & Delaval, M. (2010). Procrastination, participation, and performance in online learning environments. Computers & Education, 56(1), 243–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2010.07.025

Morelli, G. F. (2008). The Spiritual roots of procrastination. The Byzantine Forum. https://www.byzcath.org/forums/ubbthreads.php/topics/73274/the-spiritual-roots-of-procrastination

Nielsen, T., Dammeyer, J., Vang, M. L., & Makransky, G. (2017). Gender fairness in self- efficacy? A Rasch-based validity study of the general academic self-efficacy scale (GASE). Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 62(5), 664–681. https://doi.org/10.1080/00313831.2017.1306796

Ocak, G., & Boyraz, S. (2016). Examination of the relation between academic procrastination and time management skills of undergraduate students in terms some variables. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 4(5), 76–84. https://doi.org/10.11114/jets.v4i5.1313

Ormrod, J. E. (2006). Educational psychology: Developing learners (5th ed.). Pearson/Merrill Prentice Hall.

Schunk, D. H., & Hanson, A. R. (1989). Self-modeling and children’s cognitive skill learning. Journal of Educational Psychology, 81(2),155–163.https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.81.2.155

Shah, A. S. (2000). Exploring the world of English: A practical course in composition. Markazi Kutub Khana.

Shah, H., Ahmed, S., Raza, S. M., Irshad, M., Fahim, H., & Usman, T. (2024). Relationship between academic procrastination and self-efficacy amongst dental undergraduate students at a public university in Karachi, Pakistan. Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 74(4), 719–723. https://doi.org/10.47391/jpma.10124

Sirois, F. M., & Pychyl, T. (2019). Procrastination and the priority of short-term mood regulation: consequences for future self. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 7(2), 115–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-802862-9.00001-3

Sirois, F. M., Stride, C. B., & Pychyl, T. A. (2023). Procrastination and health: A longitudinal test of the roles of stress and health behaviours. British Journal of Health Psychology, 28(3), 860–875. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjhp.12658

Renn, R. W., Allen, D. G., & Huning, T. M. (2011). Empirical examination of the individual level personality based theory of self-management failure. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 32(1), 25–43. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.667

Rothblum, E. D., Solomon, L. J., & Murakami, J. (1986). Affective, cognitive, and behavioral differences between high and low procrastinators. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 33(4), 387–394. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.33.4.387

Steel, P. (2007). The nature of procrastination: A meta-analytic and theoretical review of quintessential self-regulatory failure. Psychological Bulletin, 133(1), 65–94. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.65

Tuckman, B. W. (1998). Using tests as an incentive to motivate procrastinators to study. The Journal of Experimental Education, 66(2), 141–147. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220979809601400

Uma, E., Lee, C., Shapiai, S. H. B. M., Nor, A. B. M., Soe, H. K., & Varghese, E. (2020). Academic procrastination and self-efficacy among a group of dental undergraduate students in Malaysia. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 9(1), Article e326. https://doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp_195_20

van Eerde, W. (2003). A meta-analytically derived nomological network of procrastination. Personality and Individual Differences, 35(6), 1401–1418. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0191-8869(02)00358-6

Wäschle, K., Allgaier, A., Lachner, A., Fink, S., & Nückles, M. (2013). Procrastination and self-efficacy: Tracing vicious and virtuous circles in self-regulated learning. Learning and Instruction, 29, 103.