International Health Review

Effect of Clomiphene Citrate on Fertility Hormones in Women with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome

Asma Arshad — 2024-09-21

This study aims to investigate the positive effect of Clomiphene Citrate (CC) in inducing ovulation in women with PCOS. Clomiphene Citrate is a non-steroidal drug that primarily affects estrogen production. CC also has pronounced effects on balancing of the female hormones, normal ovulation process, and overcoming the PCOS-based infertility issues. Hormonal profile evaluation including follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), progesterone, and estrogen was performed at Clinical Laboratory, Services Hospital, Lahore. Serum volume of the aforementioned hormones were determined in PCOS-suffering infertile women (n=50) and healthy fertile women (n=50) by using a commercially available ELISA kit manufactured by Calbotech lnc. Serum luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), progesterone, and estrogen mean values in PCOS patients before the use of CC were evaluated as 5.74±0.939 (IU/L), 3.804±1.163 (IU/L), 2.098±1.233 (ng/ml), and (51.458±7.091 pg/ml respectively, while after management with CC the mean value of serum LH, FSH, Progesterone, and Estrogen were 3.716±0.513 (IU/L), 5.644±1.130 (IU/L), 10.704±2.313 ng/ml and 37.72±4.969 pg/ml respectively, which indicated a significant differences in hormonal pattern . The current study demonstrates that Clomiphene Citrate (CC) has positive effects in ovulation process in females with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), within the local population.

The Comparison of Scar Mobilization Techniques with and without Core Stability Exercises on Scar Tissue Mobility and Lumbopelvic Pain

Anam Zahra — 2024-09-26

Abdominal adhesions and lumbopelvic pain can occur after a caesarean section. Many treatment approaches, such as injections, massage, surgical release, soft tissue release, strengthening, stretching and core stability exercises are available for abdominal scars. Physiotherapy treatments are considered safer and more convenient. The study aims to compare the effects of scar mobilization techniques with and without core stability exercises on scar tissue mobility and lumbopelvic pain. The study was a randomized clinical trial conducted at the Rafiqa Hospital and Fatima Hospital, Sargodha, Pakistan. A sample of 30 participants was allocated in Group A and B. Group A received scar mobilization and core stability exercises, while Group B received only scar mobilization, with both groups undergoing 3 sessions per week for total three weeks. The groups were assessed at baseline after the 5^th and 9^th sessions, using Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire (ODI), Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS), Manual Scar Mobility Testing (MSMT), and Vancouver Scar Scale (VSS). Moreover, the data were analyzed using SPSS 25. The mean age of participants was 27.22 ± 4.21, and their body mass index was 27.10 ± 3.53. Both groups showed significant differences within the subject’s scores of disability, pain and scar mobility (p<0.05). Between-group comparison of both groups at post-treatment II showed considerable improvement in pain scores (NPRS score, p<0.05). Whereas non-significant results were in other outcome measures (disability and scar mobility p>0.05) in post-treatment II. Scar mobilization techniques with core stability exercises were more effective than scar mobilization techniques alone in the conservative treatment of females with lumbopelvic and scar pain after caesarean section.

Prevalence of Obesity and Associated Risk Factors Due to Physical Inactivity Among Medical Students in Faisalabad

Kiran Liaquat — 2024-11-13

Obesity is defined as having a body mass index (BMI) that is higher than what is considered normal and healthy for a certain height. While excess body fat is typically the cause of obesity, factors such as fluids, excess muscle, or bone density may also contribute to obesity. The main purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of obesity and some associated risk factors among the medical students at universities of Faisalabad due to their inactive life style. In this analytical cross sectional study, a convenience sampling technique was used to collect data from 290 medical students. The criteria included students aged between 19-23 years, while those with medically diagnosed psychological issues and trauma were excluded. Data was collected using a self-administered questionnaire, which was distributed to all the obese medical students who were conveniently accessible and could comprehend the material. The data was evaluated using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software, version 17. The results showed that 33.0% of the students were of normal weight, 23.0% were overweight, 40.5% were obese and 3.4% were severely obese. A significant association was found between obesity of the respondents and their perception about the risk factors.