Association Between Employee Motivation and Performance: A Study of Pakistan’s Public Sector
Abstract
Abstract Views: 0
The study explores the complex relationship between employee motivation and performance within the context of the Pakistan’s public sector. The primary aim is to provide insights that can assist policymakers in designing an effective reward system, including an incentives mechanism, thereby positively motivating public sector employees for better outcomes. A quantitative research design was used, with a sample of 412 employees from various departments of the Punjab government, representing diverse functions. Stratified random sampling was employed and a structured questionnaire was distributed to collect responses on Likert Scale. After continuous follow-up, 265 employees provided their responses. The estimations were done by using SmartPLS. The results reveal the critical role of human resource management practices in shaping employee performance. The findings indicate a significant association between employee motivation and performance. By elucidating tangled interplay between employee motivation and key human resource practices, this study contributes valuable insights in the domain of public policy. The practical implications of these findings will be particularly beneficial for public sector policymakers, providing a foundation for the development of more nuanced and efficient public sector compensation and incentives programs to enhance government sector performance of employees.
Downloads
References
Akinyele, K. O., Demek, K. C., & Tian, Y. (2023). Self-interest or public interest: The role of incentive schemes in public sector employees' decisions. Accounting & the Public Interest, 23(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.2308/API-2021-010
Alanizan, S. (2023). How does employee satisfaction and motivation affect productivity. International Journal of Business and Management, 18(2), 55–60.
Ali, A., Saleem, S., Bashir, M., Riaz, W., & Sami, A. (2017). Mediating role of citizens’ participation between public service motivation, political interference and local government performance: A case study of municipalities of Punjab. Abasyn Journal of Social Sciences–Special Issue: AIC, 2017, 250–264.
Ali, E., & Elias, H. (2023, January 26–27). Potential application of HR analytics to talent management in the public sector: A literature review [Paper presentation]. Proceedings of International Conference on Cyber Management and Engineering. Bangkok, Thailand. https://doi.org/10.1109/CyMaEn57228.2023.10051107
Alkandi, I. G., Khan, M. A., Fallatah, M., Alabdulhadi, A., Alanizan, S., & Alharbi, J. (2023). The impact of incentive and reward systems on employee performance in the Saudi primary, secondary, and tertiary industrial sectors: A mediating influence of employee job satisfaction. Sustainability, 15(4), Article e3415. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15043415
Alkhalailah, R., & Mjlae, S. (2023). The influence of human resource management practices on employee performance: A case study of Al-Balqa applied university. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 21(1), 279–290. https://doi.org/10.21511/ppm.21(1).2023.24.
Amber, Q., Ahmad, M., Khan, I. A., & Hashmi, F. A. (2019). Knowledge sharing and social dilemma in bureaucratic organizations: Evidence from public sector in Pakistan. Cogent Business & Management, 6(1), Article e1685445. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2019.1685445
Amin, S., Shahnaz, M., & Mukminin, A. (2024). The impacts of the servant leadership on the innovative work behaviors: Looking at the role of public service motivation and employee engagement. Journal of Chinese Human Resources Management, 15(2), 41–54.
Ansari, S. (2019). An evaluation of the employee motivation based on two-factor theory (A study of selected Nepalese organizations) [Master thesis, Purbanchal University]. Figshare. https://figshare.com/articles/thesis/An_Evaluation_of_Employee_Motivation_Based_on_Two-Factor_Theory_pdf/20066171?file=35886671
Anwar, F., & Humayun, A. A. (2023). How empowered leadership in Pakistan's public sectors enhances employee creativity a mediating role of creative self-efficacy. Journal of Tourism, Hospitality, and Services Industries Research, 3(01), 19–33. https://doi.org/10.52461/jths.v3i01.2010
Bashir, M., Wright, B. E., & Hassan, S. (2023). The interactive influence of public service motivation, perceived reward equity, and prosocial impact on employee engagement: A panel study in Pakistan. Public Management Review, 25(7), 1213–1237. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2021.2013069
Bisogno, M., Di Carlo, A., Iuliano, G., & Matonti, G. (2024). Assurance of the sustainability report of municipally-owned entities. Public Money & Management. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540962.2024.2424407
Bordel, B., & Alcarria, R. (2024). Enhancing the students’ motivation and learning in network engineering courses through artificial intelligence tools and applications. In F. J. García-Peñalvo, M. L. Sein-Echaluce, & A. Fidalgo-Blanco (Eds.), Innovation and technologies for the digital transformation of education: European and Latin American perspectives (pp. 21–31). Springer Nature.
Breaugh, J. (2021). Too stressed to be engaged? The role of basic needs satisfaction in understanding work stress and public sector engagement. Public Personnel Management, 50(1), 84–108. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091026020912516
Butera, F., Dompnier, B., & Darnon, C. (2024). Achievement goals: A social influence cycle. Annual Review of Psychology, 75(1), 527–554. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-013123-102139
Chen, Y. C., Ahn, M. J., & Wang, Y. F. (2023). Artificial intelligence and public values: Value impacts and governance in the public sector. Sustainability, 15(6), Article e4796. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15064796
Deci, E. L., Olafsen, A. H., & Ryan, R. M. (2017). Self-determination theory in work organizations: The state of a science. Annual review of organizational psychology and organizational behavior, 4(1), 19–43. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032516-113108
Ding, M., & Wang, C. (2024). Relationship between leadership style and public service motivation: A meta-analysis. Social Behavior and Personality: An international Journal, 52(2), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.12980
Edet, J., Tom, E., & ItoroBassey, N. B. U. (2023). Reward administration and workers performance in Akwa Ibom state civil service. International Research Journal of Economics and Management Studies, 2(2), 269–284. https://doi.org/10.56472/25835238/IRJEMS-V2I2P130
Farley, S. B., Yoon, H. J., & Padilla, C. (2021). What values will define and guide OD in the future. Organization Development Review, 53(1), 27–34.
Haider, S., Bao, G., Larsen, G. L., & Draz, M. U. (2019). Harnessing sustainable motivation: A grounded theory exploration of public service motivation in local governments of the state of Oregon, United States. Sustainability, 11(11), Article e3105. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11113105
Hair, J. F. Jr, Sarstedt, M., Hopkins, L., & Kuppelwieser, V. G. (2014). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM): An emerging tool in business research. European Business Review, 26(2), 106–121. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-10-2013-0128
Hair, J. Jr, Hair, J. F. Jr, Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., & Gudergan, S. P. (2023). Advanced issues in partial least squares structural equation modeling. Sage publications.
Haq, M. U., Qazi, M. W., Kamran, M., & Yosaf, M. (2023). Impacts of Extrinsic and Intrinsic reward on Employee’s performance: A study of banking sector in Pakistan. Journal of Management Practices, Humanities and Social Sciences, 7(5), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.33152/jmphss-7.5.1
Hassan, S., Ansari, N., & Rehman, A. (2023). Public service motivation, workplace spirituality and employee well-being: A holistic approach. Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences, 39(4), 1027–1043. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEAS-05-2020-0072
Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43, 115–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8
Hernandez-Espallardo, M., Osorio-Tinoco, F., & Rodriguez-Orejuela, A. (2018). Improving firm performance through inter-organizational collaborative innovations: The key mediating role of the employee’s job-related attitudes. Management Decision, 56(6), 1167–1182. https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-02-2017-0151
Honore, J. (2009). Employee motivation. Consortium Journal of Hospitality & Tourism, 14(1), 63–75.
Indrawati, N. K., & Muljaningsih, S. (2022). Achieving competitive advantage through spiritual capital, innovation work behavior, and organizational learning. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 20(2), 426–437. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.20(2).2022.35
Kalwar, M. S., Shah, S. M. A., & Hussain, N. (2023). Role of employee-related factors for employee performance in private sector banks of Sindh, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 11(2), 1617–1626. https://doi.org/10.52131/pjhss.2023.1102.0463
Kandiyali, J., & Gomberg, P. (2024). Communism should not be post-work. In D. Celentano, M. Cholbi, J. Deranty, & K. P. Schaff (Eds.), Debating a Post-Work Future: Perspectives from philosophy and the social sciences (177–196). Routledge.
Kazmi, S. I. H., Nasir, N., & Cheema, S. M. (2023). Predictors of job satisfaction in teachers of female public sector Universities. Journal of Management and Administrative Sciences, 3(2), 89–111.
Khair, R., & Baniamin, H. M. (2024). Motivation to serve and vision for future: Perspectives of bangladeshi civil servants. In A. Haque & Y. Salman (Eds.), Perspectives and practices of public administration in South Asia: Post-pandemic recovery and sustainable development agenda (pp. 171-191). Springer Nature.
Khalid, M., Rehman, C. A., & Ilyas, D. M. (2016). HRM practices and employee performance in public sector organizations in Pakistan: An empirical study. International Journal of Management Sciences and Business Research, 3(2), 69–77.
Khan, J., & Burdey, M. B. (2021). Enhancing job performance and innovative work behavior through public service motivation-a case study of employees working in federal government of Pakistan. Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan, 58(1), 269–282.
Khusanova, R., Kang, S. W., & Choi, S. B. (2021). Work engagement among public employees: Antecedents and consequences. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, Article e684495. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.684495
Kjeldsen, A. M., & Hansen, J. R. (2018). Sector differences in the public service motivation–job satisfaction relationship: Exploring the role of organizational characteristics. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 38(1), 24–48. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734371X16631605
Liu, W., & Liu, Y. (2022). The impact of incentives on job performance, business cycle, and population health in emerging economies. Frontiers in Public Health, 9, Article e778101. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.778101
Leman, N. P., & Gustomo, A. (2023). Transforming employee motivation to enhance employee performance at PT Bio Farma (Persero). Journal of World Science, 2(2), 255–268. https://doi.org/10.58344/jws.v2i2.221
Malik, M. E., & Danish, R. Q. (2020). Impact of motivation to learn and job attitudes on organizational learning culture in a public service organization of Pakistan. South Asian Studies, 25(2), 217–235.
Mehmood, T., & Lee, J. (2023). An investigation of the performance management system of civil servants in the provincial government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Global Economics Review, 8(2), 401–413. https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2023(VIII-II).29
Nguyen, H. D., Chau, T. N., & Huynh, Q. V. T. (2023). The impact of team support, financial incentives and public sector motivation on employee motivation: An empirical study of the public sector in Vietnam. Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Administration, 16(5), 1166–1181. https://doi.org/10.1108/APJBA-09-2021-0460
Nizam, K., & Hameed, S. (2023). The impact of knowledge sharing on job performance in banking sector of Pakistan–mediating role of affective commitment. Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 43(1), 25–38.
Nyoni, G. S. (2024). The effect of transformational leadership on the performance of a construction project team at a selected construction company in Cape Town [Doctoral dissertation, Cape Peninsula University of Technology]. Cape Peninsula University of Technology Libraries. https://etd.cput.ac.za/handle/20.500.11838/4158
Raziq, A., & Maulabakhsh, R. (2015). Impact of working environment on job satisfaction. Procedia Economics and Finance, 23, 717–725. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(15)00524-9
Rosenbloom, D. H., Kravchuk, R. S., & Clerkin, R. M. (2022). Public administration: Understanding management, politics, and law in the public sector. Routledge.
Saha, S., & Kumar, S. P. (2018). Organizational culture as a moderator between affective commitment and job satisfaction: Empirical evidence from Indian public sector enterprises. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 31(2), 184–206. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPSM-03-2017-0078
Saher, N., Matloob, T., & Shabbir, M. S. (2020). Exploring the role of Biradari in career growth: Evidence from public sector organizations of Islamabad. Journal of Research in Emerging Markets, 2(3), 13–24.
Schnell, S., & Gerard, C. (2022). From bureaucrats to entrepreneurs to networkers, advocates, and empaths: Reappraising human resources management ideals and practices in public administration. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 43(4), 652–676. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734371x221117283
Serhan, C., Achy, E.A., & Nicolas, E. (2018). Public sector employees’ motivation: Causes and effects. People: International Journal of Social Sciences, 4(2), 49–55. https://dx.doi.org/10.20319/pijss.2018.42.4955
Shah, S. K. A., Ali, N., & Ali, Z. (2015). Declining employee performance in public sector organizations: An etiological study of public sector organizations in Pakistan. Journal for Studies in Management and Planning, 1(5), 55–64.
Shahzad, K., Khan, S. A., Iqbal, A., & Shabbir, O. (2023). Effects of motivational and behavioral factors on job productivity: An empirical investigation from academic librarians in Pakistan. Behavioral Sciences, 13(1), Article e41. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13010041
Sherli, J., & Mayakannan, T. (2023). A study on an investigation into employee motivation in organizations. Journal of Survey in Fisheries Sciences, 10(2S), 1328–1333. https://doi.org/10.17762/sfs.v10i2S.867
Shi, S. (2023, November 11–13). The reform of human resource system in the public sector under the new public management system [Paper presentation]. Proceedings of International Conference on Public Service, Economic Management and Sustainable Development. Wuhan, China.
Smiley, R. T. (2023). Human resource professionals’ perceptions of employee recruitment and retention using linking total compensation to performance theory [Doctoral dissertation, Walden University]. ScholarWorks. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/14776/
Todaro, D. (2024). Artificial intelligence in the public sector in Shanghai: Conceptualization, context, and capacity. In D. Todaro (Ed.), The use of artificial intelligence in the public sector in Shanghai: Ambition, capacity and reality (pp. 19–150). Springer Nature Singapore.
Vitalis, O. U. (2024). The comparative analysis of employees job satisfaction and motivational factors in public vs private organization in South East. International Journal of Financial Research and Business Development, 4(7), 97–118.
Vivona, R., Demircioglu, M. A., & Raghavan, A. (2020). Innovation and innovativeness for the public servant of the future: What, why, how, where, and when. In H. Sullivan, H. Dickinson, & H. Henderson (Eds.), The Palgrave handbook of the public servant (pp. 1–22). Springer
Weiwei, H. E. (2023). The effect of employee motivation on employee performance: A case of a technological small and medium enterprise. Procedia of Multidisciplinary Research, 1(4), Article e4.
West-Barnett, A. M. (2017). South Carolina state government: Organizational succession plans [Doctoral dissertation, Walden University]. Scholarworks. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/3514/
Zahari, N. (2023). Transformational leadership style and talent management practices in improving employee engagement in the Malaysian public sector: The mediating role of public service motivation [Doctoral dissertation, University of Nottingham]. Nottingham eTheses. https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/73717/
Zahari, N., & Kaliannan, M. (2023). Antecedents of work engagement in the public sector: A systematic literature review. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 43(3), 557–582. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734371X221106792
Zahra, A., & Jadoon, M. Z. I. (2016). Autonomy of public agencies in Pakistan: Does structure matter? International Journal of Public Sector Management, 29(6), 565–581. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPSM-02-2015-0019
Copyright (c) 2024 Ehsan Bhutta, Kashif Mahmood, Chaudhary Abdur Rehman
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
