Prospect of Using Technology to Enhance Access to Justice: Comparative Analysis between Pakistan and Indian Legal System
Abstract
Abstract Views: 0
Technology for justice is now the emerging concept in the global legal systems to ameliorate access to justice. This research aims to explore the potential of using technology to promote access to justice in legal systems of Pakistan and India. The study examines the potential of technology to promote access to justice to the extent of economic and geographical aspects. The study examines the technological initiatives and development of e-courts, e-filing, video conferencing and other initiatives of legal services that have the potential to promote access to justice in the legal system. The study is based on a qualitative framework with comparative design to look into the debate of interaction of law and technology in both countries from a neutral perspective. The research is culminated into four sections: the first one renders the conceptual framework of the study, the second one expedites the Indian account, the third one purveys the account of Pakistan and the fourth one finally resorts to comparative analysis that further follows the conclusion that advocates for using a hybrid model proposed by Susskind.
Downloads
References
Ahmad, D. T. (2009). E-Courts in Indian perspective. Social Science Research Network. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1511202
Anderson, M. (2003). Access to justice and legal process: Making legal institutions responsive to poor people in LDCs. GSDRC Applied Knowledge Services. https://gsdrc.org/document-library/access-to-justice-and-legal-process-making-legal-institutions-responsive-to-poor-people-in-ldcs/
Anita Khushwaha V. Pushpa Sudan, AIR SC (2016)
Anjali Brahmavar Chaun v. Navin Chaun, SC 38 (2021)
Ashwathappa, A., Arunav, K., Muthian, C., Verghese, L., Sandhya, P. R., Naik, S., & Parkash, S. (2018). Video Conferencing in Indian Courts: A pathway to the justice platform. Daksh. https://www.dakshindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Paper-4-_Video-Conferencing-in-Indian-Courts.pdf
Asian News Inernational. (2023, January 24). Technology has become a powerful tool in the legal system: CJI DY Chandrachud. https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/technology-has-become-a-powerful-tool-in-the-legal-system-cji-dy-chandrachud20230124213444/
Aziz, Z. A., & Sicangco, M. C. T. (2021). Court companion on gender-based violence cases. Asian Development Bank. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/TCS210340-2
Badri, S. P. (2019). Video Conference Technology in Indian Judiciary System. Legal Service India E-Journal. https://www.legalserviceindia.com/legal/article-10910-video-conference-technology-in-indian-judiciary-system.html
Bedekar, A., & Kevlani, A. (2002). Electronic recording of evidence in civil suits. Solomon & Co. https://solomonco.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Electronic-recording-of-evidence-in-civil-suits.pdf
Beqiraj, J., & Mcnamara, L. (2014, October). International access to justice : Barriers and solutions. Bringham Center for the Rule of Law. https://www.biicl.org/documents/485_iba_report_060215.pdf
Bock, S. (2021, March 25). 4 Barriers Blocking Access to Justice ( and How to Help Break Them ). Relativity Blog. https://www.relativity.com/blog/4-barriers-blocking-access-to-justice-and-how-to-break-them/
Bodala Murali Krishna v. Smt. Bodala Prathima, AIR 2007 AP 43 (2006)
Cabral, J. E., Chavan, A., Clarke, T. M., Greacen, J., Hough, B. R., Rexer, L., Ribadeneyra, J., & Zorza, R. (2012). Using technology to enhance access to justice. Harvard Journal of Law & Technology, 26(1), 241–324.
Cowan, D. (2020). Richard Susskind, Online Courts and the Future of Justice (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019) (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019) [Review of the book Online courts and the future of justice, by Richard Susskind]. Canadian Journal of Law and Technology, 18(2), Article e303.
Farrow, T. C. (2014). What is access to justice? Osgoode Hall Law Journal, 10(12), 12–13. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4050575
George, J. P. (2006). Access to justice, costs, and legal aid. American Journal of Comparative Law, 54, 293–315. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcl/54.suppl1.293
Gras, I. O. (2021). Online courts: Bridging the gap between access and justice. UCL Journal of Law and Jurisprudence, 10(1), 24–51. https://doi.org/10.14324/111.444.2052-1871.1214
Harris, J. (2022, October 12). Access to justice : India leads post-Covid shift in courts ’use of technology. International Bar Association. https://www.ibanet.org/Access-to-justice-India-virtual-courts
High Court of Delhi. (2021). Video conferencing rules. http://delhihighcourt.nic.in/writereaddata/upload/Notification/NotificationFile_ULDC4UVQWZ9.PDF
Huda, T. (2020, May 21). Virtual courts and the future of justice. The Daily Star. https://www.thedailystar.net/opinion/news/virtual-courts-and-the-future-justice-1904500
Improving access to justice. (2019). Dawn. https://www.dawn.com/news/1485233
IPleaders. (2017, September 22). Court proceedings through video conferencing. https://blog.ipleaders.in/court-proceedings-video-conferencing/
IPleaders. (2021, September 16). Digitalization and its impact on the Indian legal system. https://blog.ipleaders.in/digitalization-impact-indian-legal-system/
IT tools necessary part of judicial system. (2020, April 28). Dawn. https://www.dawn.com/news/1552705
Khan, A., & Ali, A. B. (2021). Electronic court system and speedy justice: A comparative critical analysis of legal systems in Pakistan, Malaysia, and India. Journal of Law and Social Policy, 3, 26–50.
Khilji, U. (2023, October 14). Technology for justice. Dawn. https://www.dawn.com/news/1510741
Khokhar, A. S. (2016). Digital literacy: How prepared is India to embrace it? International Journal of Digital Literacy and Digital Competence, 7(3), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.4018/ijdldc.2016070101
Legal Aid Society. (2021). Justice and rights for religious minorities in Sindh, Pakistan: A legal needs assessment report. https://www.las.org.pk/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/LNA-Justice-Rights-for-Religious-Minorities-in-Sindh-Legal-Aid-Society.pdf
Meesha Shafi V. Ali Zafar, SC, Civil Petition No. 1795 of 2022, (2022).
Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif v. The State, PLD (148) (2018).
Muhammad Israr son of Siraj v. The State etc, Cr. A. No.1143-P/2019 (2020).
Munawar Hussain and another v. The State, PCr.L.J 1184 (2020)
Nasscom Foundation. (2020). National digital literacy mission. Nasscom Foundation. https://nasscomfoundation.org/national-digital-literacy-mission/
Prakash, R., Mohanty, T., Gupta, R., & Jain, V. (2011). ICT in Indian court challenges & solution. International Journal of Internet Computing, 1(2), 21–25.
Prema, E., Sundar, V. S., & Rajavenkatesan, P. R. L. (2021). Access to justice for marginalized dalit people in India : Analyzing the challenges in attaining the sustainable development goals. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, 592, 438–442.
Qazi, M. (2023). Infusing digital technology in judicial operations in Pakistan: A critical analysis of global best practices and local initiatives. Social Science Research Network. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378378
Rana, S. S. (2021, October 26). Delhi high court releases video conferencing rules 2021. Lexology. https://www.lexology.com/library/ detail.aspx?g=9eb5e51e-67e8-4f82-9812-0b4931b5ce0c
Rhode, D. L. (2001). Access to justice. Fordham Law Review, 69(5), 1785–1819.
Saleem Advocate Bar Association, Tamil Nadu V. Union of India, AIR SC 189 (2003)
Salman Akram Raja and another v. Government of Punjab through Chief Secretary and others, SCMR 203 (2013).
Santhini v.Vijaya Venketesh, SC 62 (2018)
Seetharam, S., & Chandrashekaran, S. (2016, June). E-courts in India: From policy formulation to implementation. In Vidhi Centre For Legal Policy. https://vidhilegalpolicy.in/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/ eCourtsinIndia_Vidhi.pdf
Singh, M., Sahu, G. P., Dwivedi, Y., Rana, N., & Tamilmani, K. (2018, June 26–30). Success factors for e-court implementation at Allahabad high-court [Paper presentation]. Proceedings of 22th Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems. Tokyo, Japan.
State of Maharashtra v. Dr. Praful B. Desai, SC 601 (2003)
Supreme Court of India. (2005, August 1). National policy and action plan for implementation of informaiton and communication technology in the Indian Judiciary. https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s388ef51f0bf 911e452e8dbb1d807a81ab/uploads/2020/05/2020053162.pdf
Susskind, R. (2019). Online courts and the future of justice. Oxford University Press.
Taher, M. A., & Jamaluddin, S. Z. (2022). Enhancing access to justice through e-judiciary in Bangladesh: A study. UUM Journal of Legal Studies, 2(13), 317–344.
Thio, L. (2021). Public law and technology in Singapore. Social Science Research Network. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3766068
Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation v. NRI Film Production Associates (P) Ltd, (AIR Kant 148) (2003)
United Nations Development Programme. (2020). Human development report 2020: The three Ps of inequality : Power, People, and Policy. https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/migration/pk/NHDR-Inequality-2020---Overview-Low-Res.pdf
Waheed Shah and others v. Shahzad and others, YLR 718 (2020).
World Justice Project Rule of Law Index. (2022). WJP rule of law index: Pakistan insights. https://worldjusticeproject.org/rule-of-law-index/country/2022/Pakistan/
Copyright (c) 2024 Shah Jalal ud Din
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
LPR follow an open-access publishing policy and full text of all published articles is available free, immediately upon publication of an issue. The journal’s contents are published and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY 4.0) license. Thus, the work submitted to the journal implies that it is original, unpublished work of the authors (neither published previously nor accepted/under consideration for publication elsewhere). On acceptance of a manuscript for publication, a corresponding author on the behalf of all co-authors of the manuscript will sign and submit a completed the Copyright and Author Consent Form.
