Family Communication Patterns, Alexithymia, and Functions of Non-suicidal Self-injury among a Clinical Sample of Young Female Adults
Keywords:
Alexithymia, Conformity Orientation, Family Communication Patterns, NSSI, Intrapersonal Function
Abstract
Abstract Views: 0
Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) refers to the conscious or intentional attempt to harm oneself without the aim of suicide (Klonsky, 2011). This study aims to identify family communication patterns and alexithymia as the correlates and predictors of two functions of NSSI (interpersonal & intrapersonal) among a sample of 82 (Mage = 21.76; SD =2.34) young adult females with mental health disorders and a history of NSSI. This study used a correlational research design, and through a purposive sampling strategy, the data were collected from a government hospital in Lahore. The study used the Revised Family Communication Patterns Scale (Koerner & Fitzpatrick, 2002), Toronto Alexithymia Scale (Bagby et al., 2009), and Inventory of Statements about Self-Injury (Klonsky & Glenn, 2009). The findings revealed a strong positive and significant relationship of conformity orientation (a subscale of family communication patterns), difficulty in identifying feelings, and difficulty in describing feelings (two facets of alexithymia) with intrapersonal function of NSSI. The intrapersonal function of NSSI was also significantly and positively predicted by difficulties in describing feelings of Alexithymia. The findings of the study contribute to the indigenous literature and help mental health professionals design interventions in treating NSSI targeting emotional regulation and parent-child communication.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5-TR. American Psychiatric Publishing.
Bagby, R. M., Quilty, L. C., Taylor, G. J., Grabe, H. J., Luminet, O., Verissimo, R., Grootte, I. D., & Vanheule, S. (2009). Are there subtypes of alexithymia? Personality and Individual Differences, 47(5), 413-418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.04.012
Chapman, A. L., Gratz, K. L., & Brown, M. Z. (2006). Solving the puzzle of deliberate self-harm: The experiential avoidance model. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44(3), 371-394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2005.03.005
Dong, Z., Zhou, J., Conti, A., Westwood, S. J., Fu, X., Liu, Q., Yuan, Y., Huang, X., Qiu, C., Zhang, X., & Tang, W. (2023). Association between alexithymia and non-suicidal self-injury in psychiatric patients: The mediating role of self-esteem and the moderating role of emotional intelligence. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 162, 57-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.04.006
Farkas, B. F., Takács, Z. K., Kollárovics, N., & Balázs, J. (2024). The prevalence of self-injury in adolescence: A systematic review and meta-analysis. European Psychiatry, 67(S1), S186-S187. https://doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2024.404
Field, A. P., & Wilcox, R. R. (2017). Robust statistical methods: A primer for clinical psychology and experimental psychopathology researchers. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 98, 19-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2017.05.013
Haregu, T., Chen, Q., Arafat, S. M., Cherian, A., & Armstrong, G. (2023). Prevalence, correlates and common methods of non-suicidal self-injury in South Asia: A systematic review. BMJ Open, 13(11), e074776. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2023-074776
Horowitz, S., & Stermac, L. (2018). The relationship between interpersonal trauma history and the functions of non-suicidal self-injury in young adults: An experience sampling study. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 19(2), 232-246. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2017.1330228
Kang, L., Li, R., Liu, H., Ma, S., Sun, S., Zhang, N., Yao, L., Wang, Y., Zong, X., Ai, C., Zou, Z., Yang, B. X., Bai, H., & Liu, Z. (2021). Nonsuicidal self-injury in undergraduate students with major depressive disorder: The role of psychosocial factors. Journal of Affective Disorders, 290, 102-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.04.083
Kennedy-Turner, J., Sawrikar, V., Clark, L., & Griffiths, H. (2022). Do attachment-related differences in reflective functioning explain associations between expressed emotion and youth self-harm? Current Psychology, 42(29), 25520-25534. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-03614-w
Khan, S., & Kasusar, R. (2020). Psychosocial factors of non-suicidal self-injury among adolescents and young adults. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research, 35(4), 637-655. https://doi.org/10.33824/pjpr.2020.35.4.34
Kiekens, G., Hasking, P., Nock, M., Boyes, M. E., Kirtley, O. J., Bruffaerts, R., Myin-Germeys, I., & Claes, L. (2019). Fluctuations in affective states and self-efficacy to resist non-suicidal self-injury as real-time predictors of non-suicidal self-injurious thoughts and behaviors. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/yjmc2
Klonsky, E. D. (2007). The functions of deliberate self-injury: A review of the evidence. Clinical Psychology Review, 27(2), 226-239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2006.08.002
Klonsky, E. D., & Glenn, C. R. (2009). Assessing the functions of non-suicidal self-injury: Psychometric properties of the inventory of statements about self-injury (ISAS). Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 31(3), 215-219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-008-9107-z
Koerner, A., & Fitzpatrick, M. (2002). The Revised Family Communication Pattern Instrument (Parent & Child versions) including scoring instructions. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.15136.64000
Kraus, L., Schmid, M., & In-Albon, T. (2020). Anti-suicide function of Nonsuicidal self-injury in female inpatient adolescents. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00490
Liu, R. T. (2021). The epidemiology of non-suicidal self-injury: Lifetime prevalence, sociodemographic and clinical correlates, and treatment use in a nationally representative sample of adults in England. Psychological Medicine, 53(1), 274-282. https://doi.org/10.1017/s003329172100146x
Lloyd-Richardson, E. E., Perrine, N., Dierker, L., & Kelley, M. L. (2007). Characteristics and functions of non-suicidal self-injury in a community sample of adolescents. Psychological Medicine, 37(8), 1183-1192. https://doi.org/10.1017/s003329170700027x
Marrero, R. J., Bello, M., Morales-Marrero, D., & Fumero, A. (2023). Emotion regulation difficulties, family functioning, and well-being involved in non-suicidal self-injury and suicidal risk in adolescents and young people with borderline personality traits. Children, 10(6), 1057. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10061057
Mehmood, M., Awan, N., Fiaz, T., & Raza, S. A. (2023). Prevalence of non-suicidal self-injury in medical students of Rawalpindi; its socio-demographics, methods, and functions. Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 73(12), 2370-2374. https://doi.org/10.47391/jpma.7544
Naidoo, S. (2019). The prevalence, nature, and functions of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) in a South African student sample. South African Journal of Education, 39(.), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.15700/saje.v39n3a1697
Ng, C. S., & Chan, V. C. (2020). Prevalence and associated factors of alexithymia among Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong. Psychiatry Research, 290, 113126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113126
Nock, M. K. (2009). Why do people hurt themselves? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18(2), 78-83. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01613.x
Nock, M. K., & Prinstein, M. J. (2004). A functional approach to the assessment of self-mutilative behavior. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72(5), 885-890. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006x.72.5.885
Parker, J. D., Taylor, G. J., & Bagby, R. (2003). The 20-Item Toronto Alexithymia scale. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 55(3), 269-275. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3999(02)00578-0
Peng, B., Liao, J., Li, Y., Jia, G., Yang, J., Wu, Z., Zhang, J., Yang, Y., Luo, X., Wang, Y., Zhang, Y., & Pan, J. (2023). Personality characteristics, defense styles, borderline symptoms, and non-suicidal self-injury in first-episode major depressive disorder. Frontiers in Psychology, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.989711
Ren, Y., Lin, M., Liu, Y., Zhang, X., Wu, J. Y., Hu, W., Xu, S., & You, J. (2018). The mediating role of coping strategy in the association between family functioning and nonsuicidal self‐injury among Taiwanese adolescents. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 74(7), 1246-1257. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22587
Ritchie, L. D., & Fitzpatrick, M. A. (1990). Revised family communication patterns scale. PsycTESTS Dataset. https://doi.org/10.1037/t52561-000
Saleem, S., Karamat, A., Zahra, S. T., Subhan, S., & Mahmood, Z. (2021). Mediating role of emotional neglect and self-injurious behaviors in the relationship between family satisfaction and depression. The Family Journal. https://doi.org/10.1177/10664807211000725
Salman, S., Shah, F. H., Idrees, J., Khan, A., Tariq, M., Floric, S., Rubia, K., & Usman, M. (2018). Psychosocial and clinical predictors of attempted suicide, hopelessness and non-suicidal self-injury in adolescents on Venlafaxine. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints201807.0339.v1
Selby, E. A., Franklin, J., Carson‐Wong, A., & Rizvi, S. L. (2013). Emotional cascades and self‐injury: Investigating instability of rumination and negative emotion. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69(12), 1213-1227. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.21966
Shahbaz, G., Bakhtiari, M., Davazdahemami, M., & Saberi, M. (2019). Explaining the effects of psychological factors: Trauma exposure, dissociation, emotion dysregulation and alexithymia on deliberate self-harm with the mediating roles of dissociation and emotion dysregulation. La Prensa Medica Argentina, 105(3). https://doi.org/10.41720032-745X.1000366
Sleuwaegen, E., Houben, M., Claes, L., Berens, A., & Sabbe, B. (2017). The relationship between non-suicidal self-injury and alexithymia in borderline personality disorder: “Actions instead of words”. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 77, 80-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2017.06.006
Suh, H., & Jeong, J. (2021). Association of self-compassion with suicidal thoughts and behaviors and non-suicidal self injury: A meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.633482
Taylor, G. J., & Bagby, R. M. (2004). New trends in Alexithymia research. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 73(2), 68-77. https://doi.org/10.1159/000075537
Taylor, P. J., Jomar, K., Dhingra, K., Forrester, R., Shahmalak, U., & Dickson, J. M. (2018). A meta-analysis of the prevalence of different functions of non-suicidal self-injury. Journal of Affective Disorders, 227, 759-769. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.11.073
Tseng, Y. C., & Ditchman, N. (2023). Non-suicidal self-injury in a college sample: Intrapersonal and family factors. Journal of American College Health, 73(1), 217-226. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2023.2209206
Wang, Y., Luo, B., Hong, B., Yang, M., Zhao, L., & Jia, P. (2022). The relationship between family functioning and non-suicidal self-injury in adolescents: A structural equation modeling analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 309, 193-200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2022.04.124
Wester, K., Trepal, H., & King, K. (2018). Nonsuicidal self‐injury: Increased prevalence in engagement. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 48(6), 690-698. https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12389
Whitlock, J., Exner-Cortens, D., & Purington, A. (2014). Assessment of nonsuicidal self-injury: Development and initial validation of the non-suicidal self-injury–assessment tool (NSSI-AT). Psychological Assessment, 26(3), 935-946. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036611
Wolff, J. (2020). Emotion dysregulation and non-suicidal self-injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PubMed Central, 25-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2019.03.004
Xiao, Q., Song, X., Huang, L., Hou, D., & Huang, X. (2022). Global prevalence and characteristics of non-suicidal self-injury between 2010 and 2021 among a non-clinical sample of adolescents: A meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.912441
Yasmeen, N., & Dr . Aisha Sitwat. (2023). Behaviors of non suicidal self injury in university student. Journal of Arts & Social Sciences, 10(1), 64-68. https://doi.org/10.46662/jass.v10i1.305
You, J., & Lin, M. (2015). Predicting suicide attempts by time-varying frequency of nonsuicidal self-injury among Chinese community adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 83(3), 524-533. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039055
Zahid, A., Lau, C. S., Taylor, J. G., & Bagby, M. R. (2022). Validating the alexithymia construct in south asian and east asian cultures. Psychotheray and Psychosomatics, 91(1), 38-38.
Bagby, R. M., Quilty, L. C., Taylor, G. J., Grabe, H. J., Luminet, O., Verissimo, R., Grootte, I. D., & Vanheule, S. (2009). Are there subtypes of alexithymia? Personality and Individual Differences, 47(5), 413-418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.04.012
Chapman, A. L., Gratz, K. L., & Brown, M. Z. (2006). Solving the puzzle of deliberate self-harm: The experiential avoidance model. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44(3), 371-394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2005.03.005
Dong, Z., Zhou, J., Conti, A., Westwood, S. J., Fu, X., Liu, Q., Yuan, Y., Huang, X., Qiu, C., Zhang, X., & Tang, W. (2023). Association between alexithymia and non-suicidal self-injury in psychiatric patients: The mediating role of self-esteem and the moderating role of emotional intelligence. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 162, 57-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.04.006
Farkas, B. F., Takács, Z. K., Kollárovics, N., & Balázs, J. (2024). The prevalence of self-injury in adolescence: A systematic review and meta-analysis. European Psychiatry, 67(S1), S186-S187. https://doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2024.404
Field, A. P., & Wilcox, R. R. (2017). Robust statistical methods: A primer for clinical psychology and experimental psychopathology researchers. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 98, 19-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2017.05.013
Haregu, T., Chen, Q., Arafat, S. M., Cherian, A., & Armstrong, G. (2023). Prevalence, correlates and common methods of non-suicidal self-injury in South Asia: A systematic review. BMJ Open, 13(11), e074776. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2023-074776
Horowitz, S., & Stermac, L. (2018). The relationship between interpersonal trauma history and the functions of non-suicidal self-injury in young adults: An experience sampling study. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 19(2), 232-246. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2017.1330228
Kang, L., Li, R., Liu, H., Ma, S., Sun, S., Zhang, N., Yao, L., Wang, Y., Zong, X., Ai, C., Zou, Z., Yang, B. X., Bai, H., & Liu, Z. (2021). Nonsuicidal self-injury in undergraduate students with major depressive disorder: The role of psychosocial factors. Journal of Affective Disorders, 290, 102-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.04.083
Kennedy-Turner, J., Sawrikar, V., Clark, L., & Griffiths, H. (2022). Do attachment-related differences in reflective functioning explain associations between expressed emotion and youth self-harm? Current Psychology, 42(29), 25520-25534. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-03614-w
Khan, S., & Kasusar, R. (2020). Psychosocial factors of non-suicidal self-injury among adolescents and young adults. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research, 35(4), 637-655. https://doi.org/10.33824/pjpr.2020.35.4.34
Kiekens, G., Hasking, P., Nock, M., Boyes, M. E., Kirtley, O. J., Bruffaerts, R., Myin-Germeys, I., & Claes, L. (2019). Fluctuations in affective states and self-efficacy to resist non-suicidal self-injury as real-time predictors of non-suicidal self-injurious thoughts and behaviors. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/yjmc2
Klonsky, E. D. (2007). The functions of deliberate self-injury: A review of the evidence. Clinical Psychology Review, 27(2), 226-239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2006.08.002
Klonsky, E. D., & Glenn, C. R. (2009). Assessing the functions of non-suicidal self-injury: Psychometric properties of the inventory of statements about self-injury (ISAS). Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 31(3), 215-219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-008-9107-z
Koerner, A., & Fitzpatrick, M. (2002). The Revised Family Communication Pattern Instrument (Parent & Child versions) including scoring instructions. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.15136.64000
Kraus, L., Schmid, M., & In-Albon, T. (2020). Anti-suicide function of Nonsuicidal self-injury in female inpatient adolescents. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00490
Liu, R. T. (2021). The epidemiology of non-suicidal self-injury: Lifetime prevalence, sociodemographic and clinical correlates, and treatment use in a nationally representative sample of adults in England. Psychological Medicine, 53(1), 274-282. https://doi.org/10.1017/s003329172100146x
Lloyd-Richardson, E. E., Perrine, N., Dierker, L., & Kelley, M. L. (2007). Characteristics and functions of non-suicidal self-injury in a community sample of adolescents. Psychological Medicine, 37(8), 1183-1192. https://doi.org/10.1017/s003329170700027x
Marrero, R. J., Bello, M., Morales-Marrero, D., & Fumero, A. (2023). Emotion regulation difficulties, family functioning, and well-being involved in non-suicidal self-injury and suicidal risk in adolescents and young people with borderline personality traits. Children, 10(6), 1057. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10061057
Mehmood, M., Awan, N., Fiaz, T., & Raza, S. A. (2023). Prevalence of non-suicidal self-injury in medical students of Rawalpindi; its socio-demographics, methods, and functions. Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 73(12), 2370-2374. https://doi.org/10.47391/jpma.7544
Naidoo, S. (2019). The prevalence, nature, and functions of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) in a South African student sample. South African Journal of Education, 39(.), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.15700/saje.v39n3a1697
Ng, C. S., & Chan, V. C. (2020). Prevalence and associated factors of alexithymia among Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong. Psychiatry Research, 290, 113126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113126
Nock, M. K. (2009). Why do people hurt themselves? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18(2), 78-83. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01613.x
Nock, M. K., & Prinstein, M. J. (2004). A functional approach to the assessment of self-mutilative behavior. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72(5), 885-890. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006x.72.5.885
Parker, J. D., Taylor, G. J., & Bagby, R. (2003). The 20-Item Toronto Alexithymia scale. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 55(3), 269-275. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3999(02)00578-0
Peng, B., Liao, J., Li, Y., Jia, G., Yang, J., Wu, Z., Zhang, J., Yang, Y., Luo, X., Wang, Y., Zhang, Y., & Pan, J. (2023). Personality characteristics, defense styles, borderline symptoms, and non-suicidal self-injury in first-episode major depressive disorder. Frontiers in Psychology, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.989711
Ren, Y., Lin, M., Liu, Y., Zhang, X., Wu, J. Y., Hu, W., Xu, S., & You, J. (2018). The mediating role of coping strategy in the association between family functioning and nonsuicidal self‐injury among Taiwanese adolescents. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 74(7), 1246-1257. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22587
Ritchie, L. D., & Fitzpatrick, M. A. (1990). Revised family communication patterns scale. PsycTESTS Dataset. https://doi.org/10.1037/t52561-000
Saleem, S., Karamat, A., Zahra, S. T., Subhan, S., & Mahmood, Z. (2021). Mediating role of emotional neglect and self-injurious behaviors in the relationship between family satisfaction and depression. The Family Journal. https://doi.org/10.1177/10664807211000725
Salman, S., Shah, F. H., Idrees, J., Khan, A., Tariq, M., Floric, S., Rubia, K., & Usman, M. (2018). Psychosocial and clinical predictors of attempted suicide, hopelessness and non-suicidal self-injury in adolescents on Venlafaxine. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints201807.0339.v1
Selby, E. A., Franklin, J., Carson‐Wong, A., & Rizvi, S. L. (2013). Emotional cascades and self‐injury: Investigating instability of rumination and negative emotion. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69(12), 1213-1227. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.21966
Shahbaz, G., Bakhtiari, M., Davazdahemami, M., & Saberi, M. (2019). Explaining the effects of psychological factors: Trauma exposure, dissociation, emotion dysregulation and alexithymia on deliberate self-harm with the mediating roles of dissociation and emotion dysregulation. La Prensa Medica Argentina, 105(3). https://doi.org/10.41720032-745X.1000366
Sleuwaegen, E., Houben, M., Claes, L., Berens, A., & Sabbe, B. (2017). The relationship between non-suicidal self-injury and alexithymia in borderline personality disorder: “Actions instead of words”. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 77, 80-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2017.06.006
Suh, H., & Jeong, J. (2021). Association of self-compassion with suicidal thoughts and behaviors and non-suicidal self injury: A meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.633482
Taylor, G. J., & Bagby, R. M. (2004). New trends in Alexithymia research. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 73(2), 68-77. https://doi.org/10.1159/000075537
Taylor, P. J., Jomar, K., Dhingra, K., Forrester, R., Shahmalak, U., & Dickson, J. M. (2018). A meta-analysis of the prevalence of different functions of non-suicidal self-injury. Journal of Affective Disorders, 227, 759-769. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.11.073
Tseng, Y. C., & Ditchman, N. (2023). Non-suicidal self-injury in a college sample: Intrapersonal and family factors. Journal of American College Health, 73(1), 217-226. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2023.2209206
Wang, Y., Luo, B., Hong, B., Yang, M., Zhao, L., & Jia, P. (2022). The relationship between family functioning and non-suicidal self-injury in adolescents: A structural equation modeling analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 309, 193-200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2022.04.124
Wester, K., Trepal, H., & King, K. (2018). Nonsuicidal self‐injury: Increased prevalence in engagement. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 48(6), 690-698. https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12389
Whitlock, J., Exner-Cortens, D., & Purington, A. (2014). Assessment of nonsuicidal self-injury: Development and initial validation of the non-suicidal self-injury–assessment tool (NSSI-AT). Psychological Assessment, 26(3), 935-946. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036611
Wolff, J. (2020). Emotion dysregulation and non-suicidal self-injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PubMed Central, 25-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2019.03.004
Xiao, Q., Song, X., Huang, L., Hou, D., & Huang, X. (2022). Global prevalence and characteristics of non-suicidal self-injury between 2010 and 2021 among a non-clinical sample of adolescents: A meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.912441
Yasmeen, N., & Dr . Aisha Sitwat. (2023). Behaviors of non suicidal self injury in university student. Journal of Arts & Social Sciences, 10(1), 64-68. https://doi.org/10.46662/jass.v10i1.305
You, J., & Lin, M. (2015). Predicting suicide attempts by time-varying frequency of nonsuicidal self-injury among Chinese community adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 83(3), 524-533. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039055
Zahid, A., Lau, C. S., Taylor, J. G., & Bagby, M. R. (2022). Validating the alexithymia construct in south asian and east asian cultures. Psychotheray and Psychosomatics, 91(1), 38-38.
Published
2025-12-31
How to Cite
Arif, I., & Asad, S. (2025). Family Communication Patterns, Alexithymia, and Functions of Non-suicidal Self-injury among a Clinical Sample of Young Female Adults. Clinical and Counselling Psychology Review, 7(2). Retrieved from https://journals.umt.edu.pk/index.php/CCPR/article/view/7559
Issue
Section
Articles
