Antecedents of Employees’ Affective Commitment in the Context of Public-Private Partnership
Keywords:
affective commitment, job insecurity, participative decision making, pay satisfaction, Public-Private Partnership (PPP)
Abstract
Abstract Views: 495
A committed and competent workforce is considered a source of competitive advantage for all organizations. Organizations emphasize on improvement in Human Resource (HR) based activities to promote employees’ affective commitment. Therefore, the current study endeavors to investigate the impact of job insecurity, pay satisfaction and participation in decision making on affective commitment of the employees of banks providing services in District Rahim Yar Khan, within the context of Public-Private Partnership (PPP). The sampled population for the study comprised the managerial employees of banking sector. The study utilized the quantitative method and structured questionnaires based on 5 point Likert scale were used for data analysis. The population of the study comprised 234 managerial level employees. The current study employed Smart PLS software for the analysis of data. The findings indicate that pay satisfaction and participation in decision making have a significant relationship with affective commitment. However, job insecurity negatively influences affective commitment of employees.
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References
Abdullah, & Ismail, M. R. (2012). Antecedents of organizational commitment of banking sector employees in Pakistan. Serbian Journal of Management, 7(1), 89–102.
Abdullah. (2011). Evaluation of Allen and Meyer’s organizational commitment scale: A cross – cultural allocation in Pakistan. Journal of Education and Vocational Research, 1(3): 80–86.
Affum, E. A.-O., & Phinihas, A. (2015). Relationship between organizational commitment and demographic variables: Evidence from a commercial bank in Ghana, American Journal of Industrial & Business Management, 5, 769–778.
Allen, N. J., & Meyer, J. P. (1996). Affective, continuance, and normative commitment to the organization, and society. Annual Review of Psychology, 49(3), 252-276.
Babalola, S. S. (2013). The impact of commitment and job insecurity on openness to organizational change: The case of Nigerian Civil Aviation Industry. African Journal of Business Management,7(3), 206–212.
Bhatti, K. K., & Qureshi, T. M. (2007). Impact of employee participation on job satisfaction, employee commitment and employee productivity. International Review of Business Research Papers, 3(2), 54–68.
Brauer, M., & Laamanen, T. (2014).Workforce downsizing and firm performance: An organizational routine perspective. Journal of Management Studies, 51(8), 1311–1333.
Bushra, A. K., & Cheema, F.-A. (2010). Impact of downsizing on employee attitude and performance: A case study of HBL. Journal of Independent Studies and Research, 8(1), 157–170. Chughtai, A., & Zafar, S. (2006). Antecedents and consequences of organizational commitment among Pakistani university teachers. Applied HRM Research, 11(1), 39–64. Cheng, G. H.-L., & Chan, D. K.-S. (2008).Who suffers more from job insecurity? A meta analytic review. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 57(2), 272–303.
Currall, S. C., Towler, A. J., Judge, T. A., & Kohn, L. (2005). Pay Satisfaction and organizational outcomes. Personnel Psychology, 58(3), 613–640. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2005.00245.x De Witte, H. (2000). Arbeidsethos en jobonzekerheid: Meting en gevolgen voor welzijn, tevredenheid en inzet op het werk [Work ethic and job insecurity: Assessment and consequences for wellbeing, satisfaction and performance at work]. In R. Bouwen, K. De Witte, H. De Witte, & T. Taillieu (Eds.), Van groep naar gemeenschap [From group to community]. Liber Amicorum Prof. Dr. Leo Lagrou (pp. 325–350). Leuven, Belgium: Garant.
Dinc, M. S. (2017). Organizational commitment components and job performance: Mediating role of job satisfaction. Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences, 11(3), 773–789. Ducharme, M. J., Singh, P., & Podolsky, M. (2005). Exploring the links between performance appraisals and pay satisfaction. Compensation and Benefits Review, 37(5), 46–52. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886368705277654
Fedor, D. B., Caldwell, S., & Herold, D. M. (2006). The effects of organizational changes on employee commitment: A multilevel investigation. Personnel Psychology, (59), 1–29.
Felstead, A., Gallie, D., Green, F., Henseke, G. (2016). The determinants of skills use and work pressure: A longitudinal analysis. Economic and Industrial Democracy, 40(3), 730 –754.
Flynn, P. J., Bliese, P. D., & Korsgaard, M. A. (2017). The dynamics of affective commitment in response to unexpected events. Paper presented at the 78th Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management Annual Conference, Atlanta, GA.
Furaker, B., & Berglund, T. (2014). Job insecurity and organizational commitment. Revista International de Organizationes, (13), 163–186.
Gallagher, D. G. & McLean, P. J. (2001). I pledge thee my truth contingently: Commitment and the contingent work relationship. Human Resource Management Review, 11, 181–208.
Gallie, D., Felstead, A., Green, F., & Inanc, H. (2017). The hidden face of job insecurity. Work, Employment and Society, 31(1), 36–53. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017015624399
Gautam, P. K. (2017). Issue of organizational commitment: Evidence from Nepalese banking industry. Management Dynamics, 20(1), 118–129.
Giri, V. N., & Kumar, S. P. (2013). Impact of teachers' participation in decision making on commitment forms in indian engineering institutions. Pacific Business Review International, 5(9), 49–58. Hafiz, A. Z. (2017). Relationship between organizational commitment and employee’s performance evidence from banking sector of Lahore. Arabian Journal of Business Management Review, 7(2), 1–7.
Hair, J. F. Jr., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). A primer on partial least squares structural modeling (PLS-Sem). Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage.
Hartog, D. N., & Belschak, F. D. (2007). Personal initiative, commitment and affect at work. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 80(4), 601–622. doi:10.1348/096317906x171442
Heneman, H. G., & Schwab, D. P. (1985). Pay satisfaction: Its multidimensional nature and measurement. International Journal of Psychology, 20(2), 129–141.
Huang, G., Lee, C., & Ashford, S. J. (2018). Job insecurity and the changing workplace: Recent developments and the future trends in job insecurity research. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 5, 335–359. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032117-104651
Irefin, P., Mechanic, M. A. (2014). Effect of employee commitment on organizational performance in Coca Cola Nigeria Limited Maiduguri, Borno State. Journal of Humanities and Social Science (IOSR-JHSS), 19(3), 33–41.
Islam, J. N. (2012). A study on job satisfaction and morale of commercial banks in Bangladesh. International Journal of Economic Research, 152-172.
Islam, S. (2015). Does affective commitment positively predict employee performance? Evidence from banking industry in Bangladesh. Proceedings of the Australasian Conference on Business and Social Sciences, Sydney.
Ismail, S. (2013). Critical success factors of public private partnership (PPP) implementation in Malaysia. Aisa-Pacific Journal of Business Administration, 5(1), 6–19.
Jiang, L., & Lavaysse, L. M. (2018). Cognitive and affective job insecurity: A meta analysis and a primary study. Journal of Management, 44(6), 2307–2342. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206318773853
Jomo. K. S., Chowdhury, A., Sharma, K., Platz, D. (2016). Public-Private partnerships and the 2030 Agenda for sustainable development: Fit for purpose (DESA Working Paper No. 148ST/ESA/DWP/148). New York: United Nations for Department of Economic & Social Affairs.
Ju, S., Kong, L., Zaliha, H., & Kamaruzaman, J. (2008). The influence of employee benefits towards organizational commitment. Asian Social Science Journal, 4(8), 147–150.
Kamal, M. Y., & Hanif, M. F. (2009). Pay and job satisfaction: A comparative analysis of different Pakistani Commercial Banks (MPRA Paper No. 16059). Islamabad: Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science & Technology (SZABIST). Retrieved from https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/16059/
Kan, M. R., Ziauddin, J. F. A., & Ramay, M. I. (2010). The impact of organizational commitment on employee job performance. European Journal of Social Sciences, 15(3), 292–298.
Kirmizi, A., & Deniz, O. (2009). The organizational commitment of IT professionals in private banks. European and Mediterranean Conference on Information Systems, Izmir.
Kothari_Research_Methodology_Methods_and_Techniques. (2004). Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/33779875/C.R._Kothari_Research_Methodo logy_Methods_and_Techniques Kumar, P. S., & Saha, S. (2017). Influence of trust and participation in decision making on employee attitudes in Indian public sector undertakings. Sage Open, 7(3), 215824401773303. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244017733030SAGE Open
Kurtulmus, M. (2016). The effect of diversity on teachers’ organizational commitment and organizational citizenship behavior. Pegen Egitim ve Ogretim Dergisi, 6(2), 277–302.
Lee, J., & Corbett, M. (2006). The impact of downsizing on employees’ affective commitment. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 21(3), 176–199.
Margaret, L. W., Michael, A. M., & Nhung, T. N. (2006). A Meta-Analysis of the antecedents and consequences of pay level satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(2), 392–413.
Martin, V.-P., & Martin, N.-C. (2015). The mediating role of affective commitment in the rewards–knowledge transfer relation. Journal of Knowledge Management, 19(6), 1167–1185. https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-03-2015-0114
Masterson, S. S., & Stamper, C. L. (2003). Perceived organnizational membership: An aggregate framework representing the employee-organization relationship. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24(5), 473–490. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.203
Meyer, J. P., Stanley, D. J., Herscovitch, L., & Topolnytsky, L. (2002). Affective, continuance and normative commitment to the organization: A meta-analysis of antecedents, correlates and consequences. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 61, 20–52.
Miceli, M. P., & Mulvey, P. W. (2000). Consequences of satisfaction with pay satisfaction: Two field studies. Industrial Relations A Journal of Economy and Society, 39(1), 62–87.
Nazir, M. S., Safdar, R., Akram, I. (2012). Impact of global financial crisis on banks financial performance in Pakistan. American Journal of Scientific Research, 78, 101–110.
Nwoko and Emerole (2017). Effect of employees participation in decision making on organizational performance: a study of national root crops research institutes umudike. International Journal of Economics, Business and Management Research, 1(5), 2456–7760.
Panaccio, A., Vandenberghe, C., Ben Ayed, A. K. (2014). The role of negative affectivity between pay satisfaction, affective commitment and continuance commitment and voluntary turnover: A moderated mediation model. Human Relations, 67(7), 821–848.
Park, J. H., & Ono, M. (2018). Effects of workplace bullying on work engagement and health: The mediating role of job insecurity. International Journal of Human Resource Management. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2016. 1155164
Prowle, M. (2006). The role of private finance initiative in the delivery of health services in UK (Technical Approach Paper). London: HLSP Institute.
Rafiei, M., Amini, M. T., Foroozandeh, N. (2014). Studying the impact of the organizational commitment on the job performance. Management Science Letters, 4(2014), 1841–1848.
Ramlall, S. J., Al-Sabaan, S., & Magbool, S. (2014). Layoffs, coping, and commitment: Impact of layoffs on employees’ and strategies used in coping with layoffs. Journal of Management & Strategy, 5(2), 25–30.
Riesel, W. D., Tahira, M. P., Swee, C.-L., Maloles, C. M., Konig, C. J. (2007). The effects of job insecurity on job satisfaction, organizational citizenship behavior, deviant behaviors and negative emotions of employees. International Studies of Management & Organnization, 40(1), 74–91.
Saunders, M. N. K., Lewis, P., Thornhill, A., & Bristow, A. (2015). Understanding research philosophy and approaches to theory development. In: Saunders, Mark N. K.; Lewis, Philip and Thornhill, Adrian (Eds.), Research Methods for Business Students. Harlow: Pearson Education.
Scott, B.-L., Travaglione, A., & Marshall, V. (2006). Causal inferences between participation in decision making, task attributes, work efforts, rewards, job satisfaction and commitment. Leadership and Organizational Development Journal, 27(5), 399–414.
Scott, D., Bishop, J., & Chen, X. (2003). An examination of the relationship of employee involvement with job satisfacation, employee cooperation, and intention to quit in US invested enterprise in China. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 11(1), 3–19.
Shian, H., Chiang, H., & Chang, A. (2010). Employee participation in decision making, psychological ownership and knowledge sharing: Mediating role of organizational commitment in Taiwanese high tech organizations. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 21(12), 2218–2233.
Shoss, M. K. (2017). Job insecurity: An integrative review and agenda for future research. Journal of Management, 15(1), 27–37. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206317691574
Shweta, M. (2015). Employee commitment in Public and Private Banks in India. International Journal of Business and Management, 10(11), 331–353.
Singh, P., & Natasha, N.-L. (2010). Pay satisfaction, job satisfaction &turnover intent. Industrial Relations, 65(3), 470–490.
Ting Kee Siong (2012). The level and effects of participation in decision making (pdm) on employee groups for the manufacturing and servicing sectors in Malaysia. http://eprints.utar.edu.my/680/1/BA-2012-08UKM07895_-1.pdf
Vandenberghe, C., & Tremblay, M. (2008). The role of pay satisfaction and organizational commitment in turnover intentions: A two-sample study. Journal of Business and Psychology, 22, 275–286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10869-008-9063-3
Vujicic, D., Vukovic, A. J., Lalic, D., Gagic, S., & Cvejanov, A. (2014). The relation between job insecurity, job satisfaction and organizational commitment among employees in the tourism sector in Novi Sad. Economic and Industrial Democracy, 36(4), 633–652.
Walsh, J., & Deery, S. (2006). Refashioning organizational boundaries: Outsourcing customer service work. Journal of Management Studies, 43, 557–582.
Wang, W., Mather, K., & Siefert, R. H. (2018). Job insecurity, employee anxiety, and commitment: The moderating role of collective trust in management. Journal of Trust Research, 8(2), 220–237.
Wilkinson, A., Gollan, P. J., Marchington, M., & Lewin, D. (2010). Conceptualizing employee participation in organizations. In Adrian Wilkinson, Paul J. Gollan, Mick Marchington, and David Lewin (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of participation in organizations. Oxford: Oxford University Press. http://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199207268.003.0001
Yoerger, M., Crowe, J., & Allen, J. A. (2015). Participate or Else! The effect of participation in decision-making in meetings on employee engagement. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 67(1), 65–80.
Zainuddin, S., & Isa, C. R. (2011). The role of procedural fairness in the relationship between budget participation and motivation. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 5(9), 1464–1473.
Abdullah. (2011). Evaluation of Allen and Meyer’s organizational commitment scale: A cross – cultural allocation in Pakistan. Journal of Education and Vocational Research, 1(3): 80–86.
Affum, E. A.-O., & Phinihas, A. (2015). Relationship between organizational commitment and demographic variables: Evidence from a commercial bank in Ghana, American Journal of Industrial & Business Management, 5, 769–778.
Allen, N. J., & Meyer, J. P. (1996). Affective, continuance, and normative commitment to the organization, and society. Annual Review of Psychology, 49(3), 252-276.
Babalola, S. S. (2013). The impact of commitment and job insecurity on openness to organizational change: The case of Nigerian Civil Aviation Industry. African Journal of Business Management,7(3), 206–212.
Bhatti, K. K., & Qureshi, T. M. (2007). Impact of employee participation on job satisfaction, employee commitment and employee productivity. International Review of Business Research Papers, 3(2), 54–68.
Brauer, M., & Laamanen, T. (2014).Workforce downsizing and firm performance: An organizational routine perspective. Journal of Management Studies, 51(8), 1311–1333.
Bushra, A. K., & Cheema, F.-A. (2010). Impact of downsizing on employee attitude and performance: A case study of HBL. Journal of Independent Studies and Research, 8(1), 157–170. Chughtai, A., & Zafar, S. (2006). Antecedents and consequences of organizational commitment among Pakistani university teachers. Applied HRM Research, 11(1), 39–64. Cheng, G. H.-L., & Chan, D. K.-S. (2008).Who suffers more from job insecurity? A meta analytic review. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 57(2), 272–303.
Currall, S. C., Towler, A. J., Judge, T. A., & Kohn, L. (2005). Pay Satisfaction and organizational outcomes. Personnel Psychology, 58(3), 613–640. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2005.00245.x De Witte, H. (2000). Arbeidsethos en jobonzekerheid: Meting en gevolgen voor welzijn, tevredenheid en inzet op het werk [Work ethic and job insecurity: Assessment and consequences for wellbeing, satisfaction and performance at work]. In R. Bouwen, K. De Witte, H. De Witte, & T. Taillieu (Eds.), Van groep naar gemeenschap [From group to community]. Liber Amicorum Prof. Dr. Leo Lagrou (pp. 325–350). Leuven, Belgium: Garant.
Dinc, M. S. (2017). Organizational commitment components and job performance: Mediating role of job satisfaction. Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences, 11(3), 773–789. Ducharme, M. J., Singh, P., & Podolsky, M. (2005). Exploring the links between performance appraisals and pay satisfaction. Compensation and Benefits Review, 37(5), 46–52. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886368705277654
Fedor, D. B., Caldwell, S., & Herold, D. M. (2006). The effects of organizational changes on employee commitment: A multilevel investigation. Personnel Psychology, (59), 1–29.
Felstead, A., Gallie, D., Green, F., Henseke, G. (2016). The determinants of skills use and work pressure: A longitudinal analysis. Economic and Industrial Democracy, 40(3), 730 –754.
Flynn, P. J., Bliese, P. D., & Korsgaard, M. A. (2017). The dynamics of affective commitment in response to unexpected events. Paper presented at the 78th Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management Annual Conference, Atlanta, GA.
Furaker, B., & Berglund, T. (2014). Job insecurity and organizational commitment. Revista International de Organizationes, (13), 163–186.
Gallagher, D. G. & McLean, P. J. (2001). I pledge thee my truth contingently: Commitment and the contingent work relationship. Human Resource Management Review, 11, 181–208.
Gallie, D., Felstead, A., Green, F., & Inanc, H. (2017). The hidden face of job insecurity. Work, Employment and Society, 31(1), 36–53. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017015624399
Gautam, P. K. (2017). Issue of organizational commitment: Evidence from Nepalese banking industry. Management Dynamics, 20(1), 118–129.
Giri, V. N., & Kumar, S. P. (2013). Impact of teachers' participation in decision making on commitment forms in indian engineering institutions. Pacific Business Review International, 5(9), 49–58. Hafiz, A. Z. (2017). Relationship between organizational commitment and employee’s performance evidence from banking sector of Lahore. Arabian Journal of Business Management Review, 7(2), 1–7.
Hair, J. F. Jr., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). A primer on partial least squares structural modeling (PLS-Sem). Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage.
Hartog, D. N., & Belschak, F. D. (2007). Personal initiative, commitment and affect at work. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 80(4), 601–622. doi:10.1348/096317906x171442
Heneman, H. G., & Schwab, D. P. (1985). Pay satisfaction: Its multidimensional nature and measurement. International Journal of Psychology, 20(2), 129–141.
Huang, G., Lee, C., & Ashford, S. J. (2018). Job insecurity and the changing workplace: Recent developments and the future trends in job insecurity research. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 5, 335–359. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032117-104651
Irefin, P., Mechanic, M. A. (2014). Effect of employee commitment on organizational performance in Coca Cola Nigeria Limited Maiduguri, Borno State. Journal of Humanities and Social Science (IOSR-JHSS), 19(3), 33–41.
Islam, J. N. (2012). A study on job satisfaction and morale of commercial banks in Bangladesh. International Journal of Economic Research, 152-172.
Islam, S. (2015). Does affective commitment positively predict employee performance? Evidence from banking industry in Bangladesh. Proceedings of the Australasian Conference on Business and Social Sciences, Sydney.
Ismail, S. (2013). Critical success factors of public private partnership (PPP) implementation in Malaysia. Aisa-Pacific Journal of Business Administration, 5(1), 6–19.
Jiang, L., & Lavaysse, L. M. (2018). Cognitive and affective job insecurity: A meta analysis and a primary study. Journal of Management, 44(6), 2307–2342. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206318773853
Jomo. K. S., Chowdhury, A., Sharma, K., Platz, D. (2016). Public-Private partnerships and the 2030 Agenda for sustainable development: Fit for purpose (DESA Working Paper No. 148ST/ESA/DWP/148). New York: United Nations for Department of Economic & Social Affairs.
Ju, S., Kong, L., Zaliha, H., & Kamaruzaman, J. (2008). The influence of employee benefits towards organizational commitment. Asian Social Science Journal, 4(8), 147–150.
Kamal, M. Y., & Hanif, M. F. (2009). Pay and job satisfaction: A comparative analysis of different Pakistani Commercial Banks (MPRA Paper No. 16059). Islamabad: Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science & Technology (SZABIST). Retrieved from https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/16059/
Kan, M. R., Ziauddin, J. F. A., & Ramay, M. I. (2010). The impact of organizational commitment on employee job performance. European Journal of Social Sciences, 15(3), 292–298.
Kirmizi, A., & Deniz, O. (2009). The organizational commitment of IT professionals in private banks. European and Mediterranean Conference on Information Systems, Izmir.
Kothari_Research_Methodology_Methods_and_Techniques. (2004). Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/33779875/C.R._Kothari_Research_Methodo logy_Methods_and_Techniques Kumar, P. S., & Saha, S. (2017). Influence of trust and participation in decision making on employee attitudes in Indian public sector undertakings. Sage Open, 7(3), 215824401773303. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244017733030SAGE Open
Kurtulmus, M. (2016). The effect of diversity on teachers’ organizational commitment and organizational citizenship behavior. Pegen Egitim ve Ogretim Dergisi, 6(2), 277–302.
Lee, J., & Corbett, M. (2006). The impact of downsizing on employees’ affective commitment. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 21(3), 176–199.
Margaret, L. W., Michael, A. M., & Nhung, T. N. (2006). A Meta-Analysis of the antecedents and consequences of pay level satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(2), 392–413.
Martin, V.-P., & Martin, N.-C. (2015). The mediating role of affective commitment in the rewards–knowledge transfer relation. Journal of Knowledge Management, 19(6), 1167–1185. https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-03-2015-0114
Masterson, S. S., & Stamper, C. L. (2003). Perceived organnizational membership: An aggregate framework representing the employee-organization relationship. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24(5), 473–490. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.203
Meyer, J. P., Stanley, D. J., Herscovitch, L., & Topolnytsky, L. (2002). Affective, continuance and normative commitment to the organization: A meta-analysis of antecedents, correlates and consequences. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 61, 20–52.
Miceli, M. P., & Mulvey, P. W. (2000). Consequences of satisfaction with pay satisfaction: Two field studies. Industrial Relations A Journal of Economy and Society, 39(1), 62–87.
Nazir, M. S., Safdar, R., Akram, I. (2012). Impact of global financial crisis on banks financial performance in Pakistan. American Journal of Scientific Research, 78, 101–110.
Nwoko and Emerole (2017). Effect of employees participation in decision making on organizational performance: a study of national root crops research institutes umudike. International Journal of Economics, Business and Management Research, 1(5), 2456–7760.
Panaccio, A., Vandenberghe, C., Ben Ayed, A. K. (2014). The role of negative affectivity between pay satisfaction, affective commitment and continuance commitment and voluntary turnover: A moderated mediation model. Human Relations, 67(7), 821–848.
Park, J. H., & Ono, M. (2018). Effects of workplace bullying on work engagement and health: The mediating role of job insecurity. International Journal of Human Resource Management. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2016. 1155164
Prowle, M. (2006). The role of private finance initiative in the delivery of health services in UK (Technical Approach Paper). London: HLSP Institute.
Rafiei, M., Amini, M. T., Foroozandeh, N. (2014). Studying the impact of the organizational commitment on the job performance. Management Science Letters, 4(2014), 1841–1848.
Ramlall, S. J., Al-Sabaan, S., & Magbool, S. (2014). Layoffs, coping, and commitment: Impact of layoffs on employees’ and strategies used in coping with layoffs. Journal of Management & Strategy, 5(2), 25–30.
Riesel, W. D., Tahira, M. P., Swee, C.-L., Maloles, C. M., Konig, C. J. (2007). The effects of job insecurity on job satisfaction, organizational citizenship behavior, deviant behaviors and negative emotions of employees. International Studies of Management & Organnization, 40(1), 74–91.
Saunders, M. N. K., Lewis, P., Thornhill, A., & Bristow, A. (2015). Understanding research philosophy and approaches to theory development. In: Saunders, Mark N. K.; Lewis, Philip and Thornhill, Adrian (Eds.), Research Methods for Business Students. Harlow: Pearson Education.
Scott, B.-L., Travaglione, A., & Marshall, V. (2006). Causal inferences between participation in decision making, task attributes, work efforts, rewards, job satisfaction and commitment. Leadership and Organizational Development Journal, 27(5), 399–414.
Scott, D., Bishop, J., & Chen, X. (2003). An examination of the relationship of employee involvement with job satisfacation, employee cooperation, and intention to quit in US invested enterprise in China. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 11(1), 3–19.
Shian, H., Chiang, H., & Chang, A. (2010). Employee participation in decision making, psychological ownership and knowledge sharing: Mediating role of organizational commitment in Taiwanese high tech organizations. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 21(12), 2218–2233.
Shoss, M. K. (2017). Job insecurity: An integrative review and agenda for future research. Journal of Management, 15(1), 27–37. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206317691574
Shweta, M. (2015). Employee commitment in Public and Private Banks in India. International Journal of Business and Management, 10(11), 331–353.
Singh, P., & Natasha, N.-L. (2010). Pay satisfaction, job satisfaction &turnover intent. Industrial Relations, 65(3), 470–490.
Ting Kee Siong (2012). The level and effects of participation in decision making (pdm) on employee groups for the manufacturing and servicing sectors in Malaysia. http://eprints.utar.edu.my/680/1/BA-2012-08UKM07895_-1.pdf
Vandenberghe, C., & Tremblay, M. (2008). The role of pay satisfaction and organizational commitment in turnover intentions: A two-sample study. Journal of Business and Psychology, 22, 275–286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10869-008-9063-3
Vujicic, D., Vukovic, A. J., Lalic, D., Gagic, S., & Cvejanov, A. (2014). The relation between job insecurity, job satisfaction and organizational commitment among employees in the tourism sector in Novi Sad. Economic and Industrial Democracy, 36(4), 633–652.
Walsh, J., & Deery, S. (2006). Refashioning organizational boundaries: Outsourcing customer service work. Journal of Management Studies, 43, 557–582.
Wang, W., Mather, K., & Siefert, R. H. (2018). Job insecurity, employee anxiety, and commitment: The moderating role of collective trust in management. Journal of Trust Research, 8(2), 220–237.
Wilkinson, A., Gollan, P. J., Marchington, M., & Lewin, D. (2010). Conceptualizing employee participation in organizations. In Adrian Wilkinson, Paul J. Gollan, Mick Marchington, and David Lewin (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of participation in organizations. Oxford: Oxford University Press. http://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199207268.003.0001
Yoerger, M., Crowe, J., & Allen, J. A. (2015). Participate or Else! The effect of participation in decision-making in meetings on employee engagement. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 67(1), 65–80.
Zainuddin, S., & Isa, C. R. (2011). The role of procedural fairness in the relationship between budget participation and motivation. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 5(9), 1464–1473.
