Impact of Knowledge Sharing on Organizational Performance
The Moderating Role of Organizational Culture Proxies
Keywords:
interpersonal communication, knowledge sharing, learning environment, organizational culture, performance, trust
Abstract
Abstract Views: 1097
The paper aims to test an explanation of how organizational culture affects the relationship between knowledge sharing and organizational performance. It was expected that organizational culture proxies significantly mediate the relationship between knowledge sharing and performance. The study used a quantitative survey method for the collection of data. A sample of 200 respondents was drawn from the higher education institutes (HEIs) situated in Lahore. The findings revealed that a positive relationship exists; except for when the components were tested individually for their role in moderating it, then learning environment became insignificant. The strong impact of interpersonal communication and trust highlights its significance in boosting knowledge sharing in an organization that results in improved performance. This finding helped the authors to draw on future research implications regarding the components of organizational culture.
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References
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Al-Kurdi, O., El-Haddadeh, R., & Eldabi, T. (2018). Knowledge sharing in higher education institutions: A systematic review. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 31(2), 226–246.
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Appelbaum, S. H., & Goransson, L. (1997). Transformational and adaptive learning within the learning organization: A framework for research and application. The Learning Organization, 4(3), 115–128.
Bartol, K. M., & Srivastava, A. (2002). Encouraging knowledge sharing: The role of organizational reward systems. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 9(1), 64–76.
Brown, J. S., & Duguid, P. (2001). Knowledge and organization: A social-practice perspective. Organization Science, 12(2), 198–213.
Cabrera, E. F., & Cabrera, A. (2005). Fostering knowledge sharing through people management practices. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 16(5), 720–735.
Castaneda, D., & Toulson, P. (2013). The value of human resources measurement in intellectual capital and knowledge sharing. Electronic Journal of Knowledge Management, 11(3), 226–234.
Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16(3), 297–334.
Davenport, T. H., & Prusak, L. (1998). Working knowledge: How organizations manage what they know. Brighton, Massachusetts: Harvard Business Press.
De Long, D. W., & Fahey, L. (2000). Diagnosing cultural barriers to knowledge management. Academy of Management Perspectives, 14(4), 113–127.
De Vries, R. E., Van den Hooff, B., & de Ridder, J. A. (2006). Explaining knowledge sharing: The role of team communication styles, job satisfaction, and performance beliefs. Communication Research, 33(2), 115–135.
Delaney, J. T., & Huselid, M. A. (1996). The impact of human resource management practices on perceptions of organizational performance. Academy of Management Journal, 39(4), 949–969.
Dewey, J. (1933). How we think: A restatement of the relation of reflective thinking to the educational process. Lexington, MA: Health, 35(64), 690–698.
Ding, W., Choi, E., & Aoyama, A. (2018). Relationships between interpersonal trust and knowledge sharing in workplace: The mediational role of prosocial motives. International Business Research, 11(8), 163–170.
Drucker, P. F. (1993a). Post–capitalist society. New York: Harper Business.
Drucker, P. F. (1993b). The rise of the knowledge society. Wilson Quarterly, 17(2), 52–71.
Drucker, P. F. (1994). The theory of business. Boston: Harvard Business Publishing.
Fauzi, M. A., Tan, C. N. L., & Ramayah, T. (2018). Knowledge sharing intention at Malaysian higher learning institutions: The academics’ viewpoint. Knowledge Management & E-Learning: An International Journal (KM&EL), 10(2), 163–176.
Foss, N. J., & Pedersen, T. (2002). Transferring knowledge in MNCs: The role of sources of subsidiary knowledge and organizational context. Journal of International Management, 8(1), 49–67.
Fullwood, R., & Rowley, J. (2017). An investigation of factors affecting knowledge sharing amongst UK academics. Journal of Knowledge Management, 21(5), 1254–1271.
Fullwood, R., Rowley, J., & McLean, J. (2018). Exploring the factors that influence knowledge sharing between academics. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 43(8), 1–13.
Garcia-Morales, V. J., Martín-Rojas, R., & Lardón-López, M. E. (2018). Influence of social media technologies on organizational performance through knowledge and innovation. Baltic Journal of Management, 13(3), 345–367.
Greenberg, J. (2014). Behavior in Organizations (Global edition). New York: Pearson Higher Ed.
Gruenfeld, D. H., Mannix, E. A., Williams, K. Y., & Neale, M. A. (1996). Group composition and decision making: How member familiarity and information distribution affect process and performance. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 67(1), 1–15.
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., & Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2006). Multivariate Data Analysis (Vol. 6): Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Hawryszkiewycz, I. (2019). Knowledge sharing and innovative work behavior: An extension of social cognitive theory crowdsourcing and knowledge management in contemporary business environments (pp. 71-102): Pennsylvania: IGI Global.
Hinds, P. J., Patterson, M., & Pfeffer, J. (2001). Bothered by abstraction: The effect of expertise on knowledge transfer and subsequent novice performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(6), 1232.
Hofstede, G. (1991). Cultures and organizations. Intercultural cooperation and its importance for survival. Software of the mind. London: Mc Graw-Hill.
Hofstede, G. (2003). Culture's consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions and organizations across nations. New York: Sage publications.
Hutchings, K., & Michailova, S. (2004). Facilitating knowledge sharing in Russian and Chinese subsidiaries: the role of personal networks and group membership. Journal of Knowledge Management, 8(2), 84–94.
Ismail Al-Alawi, A., Yousif Al-Marzooqi, N., & Fraidoon Mohammed, Y. (2007). Organizational culture and knowledge sharing: critical success factors. Journal of Knowledge Management, 11(2), 22–42.
Ismail, W., Nor, K. M., & Marjani, T. (2009). The role of knowledge sharing practice in enhancing project success. Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research, 1(7), 34–52.
Jackson, S., Chuang, C., Harden, E., & Jiang, Y. (2006). Toward developing human resource management systems for knowledge-intensive team work In J. M. Joseph (Ed.), Research in personnel and human resources management (vol. 25; pp. 27–70). Amsterdam: JAI.
Jang, S., Hong, K., Woo Bock, G., & Kim, I. (2002). Knowledge management and process innovation: the knowledge transformation path in Samsung SDI. Journal of Knowledge Management, 6(5), 479–485.
Jennex, M. E., & Zakharova, I. (2006). Culture, context, and knowledge management. International Journal of Knowledge Management, 2(2), 1-3
Jones, N. B., Herschel, R. T., & Moesel, D. D. (2003). Using “knowledge champions” to facilitate knowledge management. Journal of Knowledge Management, 7(1), 49–63.
Kaiser, H. F. (1974). An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika, 39(1), 31–36.
Lai, M. F., & Lee, G. G. (2007). Risk-avoiding cultures toward achievement of knowledge sharing. Business Process Management Journal, 13(4), 522–537.
Lee, J. C., Shiue, Y. C., & Chen, C. Y. (2016). Examining the impacts of organizational culture and top management support of knowledge sharing on the success of software process improvement. Computers in Human Behavior, 54, 462–474.
Lee, J. N. (2001). The impact of knowledge sharing, organizational capability and partnership quality on IS outsourcing success. Information & Management, 38(5), 323–335.
Liao, S. H., Chen, C. C., & Hu, D. C. (2018). The role of knowledge sharing and LMX to enhance employee creativity in theme park work team: a case study of Taiwan. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 30(5), 2343–2359.
Lin, H. F. (2007). Knowledge sharing and firm innovation capability: an empirical study. International Journal of Manpower, 28(3/4), 315–332.
Liu, C. H. S. (2018). Examining social capital, organizational learning and knowledge transfer in cultural and creative industries of practice. Tourism Management, 64, 258–270.
Loebbecke, C., van Fenema, P. C., & Powell, P. (2016). Managing inter-organizational knowledge sharing. The Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 25(1), 4–14.
Luxmi. (2014). Organizational learning act as a mediator between the relationship of knowledge management and organizational performance. Management and Labour Studies, 39(1), 31–41.
Masa'deh, R. E., Obeidat, B. Y., & Tarhini, A. (2016). A Jordanian empirical study of the associations among transformational leadership, transactional leadership, knowledge sharing, job performance, and firm performance: A structural equation modelling approach. Journal of Management Development, 35(5), 681–705.
Navimipour, N. J., & Charband, Y. (2016). Knowledge sharing mechanisms and techniques in project teams: Literature review, classification, and current trends. Computers in Human Behavior, 62, 730–742.
Nonaka, I. (1991). The knowledge-creating company. Harvard Business Rreview, November-December, 160–172.
Nonaka, I. (1994). A dynamic theory of organizational knowledge creation. Organization Science, 5(1), 14–37.
Nonaka, I., & Takeuchi, H. (1995). The knowledge creation company: how Japanese companies create the dynamics of innovation, New York: Oxford University Press.
Oyemomi, O., Liu, S., Neaga, I., Chen, H., & Nakpodia, F. (2018). How cultural impact on knowledge sharing contributes to organizational performance: Using the fsQCA approach. Journal of Business Research. 94, 313–319.
Park, S., & Kim, E. J. (2018). Fostering organizational learning through leadership and knowledge sharing. Journal of Knowledge Management. 22(6), 1408–1423.
Qureshi, I., Fang, Y., Haggerty, N., Compeau, D. R., & Zhang, X. (2018). IT mediated social interactions and knowledge sharing: Role of competence based trust and background heterogeneity. Information Systems Journal. 28(5), 929–955.
Rahman, M. S., Mannan, M., Hossain, M. A., Zaman, M. H., & Hassan, H. (2018). Tacit knowledge sharing behavior among the academic staff: trust, self-efficacy, motivation and Big Five personality traits embedded model. International Journal of Educational Management 32(5), 761–782.
Rutten, W., Blaas-Franken, J., & Martin, H. (2016). The impact of (low) trust on knowledge sharing. Journal of Knowledge Management, 20(2), 199–214.
Schein, E. H. (1990). Organizational culture (Vol. 45). New York: American Psychological Association.
Schein, E. H. (2004). Organizational culture and leadership (Jossey-Bass Business & Management Series). New York: Jossey Bass Incorporated.
Schoorman, F. D., Mayer, R. C., & Davis, J. H. (2007). An integrative model of organizational trust: Past, present, and future. Academy of Management Review, 32(2), 344–354.
Senge, P. M. (2014). The fifth discipline fieldbook: Strategies and tools for building a learning organization: Crown Business.
Skaik, H., & Othman, R. (2018). Exploring the determinants affecting academics' knowledge-sharing behavior in united arab emirates public universities contemporary knowledge and systems science (pp. 151-191). Pennsylvania: IGI Global.
Small, C. T., & Sage, A. P. (2005). Knowledge management and knowledge sharing: A review. Information Knowledge Systems Management, 5(3), 153–169.
Smith, A. D., & Rupp, W. T. (2002). Communication and loyalty among knowledge workers: a resource of the firm theory view. Journal of Knowledge Management, 6(3), 250–261.
Sowa, J. F. (1984). Conceptual structures: Information processing in mind and machines (The Systems Programing Series). Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Teece, D. J. (1998). Capturing value from knowledge assets: The new economy, markets for know-how, and intangible assets. California Management Review, 40(3), 55–79.
Turban, E., & Frenzel, L. E. (1992). Expert systems and applied artificial intelligence. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall Professional Technical Reference.
Van Den Hooff, B., & De Ridder, J. A. (2004). Knowledge sharing in context: the influence of organizational commitment, communication climate and CMC use on knowledge sharing. Journal of Knowledge Management, 8(6), 117–130.
Voelpel, S. C., Dous, M., & Davenport, T. H. (2005). Five steps to creating a global knowledge-sharing system: Siemens' ShareNet. Academy of Management Perspectives, 19(2), 9–23.
Wang, Z., & Wang, N. (2012). Knowledge sharing, innovation and firm performance. Expert Systems with Applications, 39(10), 8899–8908.
Zhou, K. Z., & Li, C. B. (2012). How knowledge affects radical innovation: Knowledge base, market knowledge acquisition, and internal knowledge sharing. Strategic Management Journal, 33(9), 1090–1102.
Al-Kurdi, O., El-Haddadeh, R., & Eldabi, T. (2018). Knowledge sharing in higher education institutions: A systematic review. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 31(2), 226–246.
Alavi, M., & Leidner, D. E. (2001). Knowledge management and knowledge management systems: Conceptual foundations and research issues. MIS quarterly, 25(1), 107–136.
Allee, V. (1997). 12 principles of knowledge management. Training & Development, 51(11), 71–74.
Appelbaum, S. H., & Goransson, L. (1997). Transformational and adaptive learning within the learning organization: A framework for research and application. The Learning Organization, 4(3), 115–128.
Bartol, K. M., & Srivastava, A. (2002). Encouraging knowledge sharing: The role of organizational reward systems. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 9(1), 64–76.
Brown, J. S., & Duguid, P. (2001). Knowledge and organization: A social-practice perspective. Organization Science, 12(2), 198–213.
Cabrera, E. F., & Cabrera, A. (2005). Fostering knowledge sharing through people management practices. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 16(5), 720–735.
Castaneda, D., & Toulson, P. (2013). The value of human resources measurement in intellectual capital and knowledge sharing. Electronic Journal of Knowledge Management, 11(3), 226–234.
Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16(3), 297–334.
Davenport, T. H., & Prusak, L. (1998). Working knowledge: How organizations manage what they know. Brighton, Massachusetts: Harvard Business Press.
De Long, D. W., & Fahey, L. (2000). Diagnosing cultural barriers to knowledge management. Academy of Management Perspectives, 14(4), 113–127.
De Vries, R. E., Van den Hooff, B., & de Ridder, J. A. (2006). Explaining knowledge sharing: The role of team communication styles, job satisfaction, and performance beliefs. Communication Research, 33(2), 115–135.
Delaney, J. T., & Huselid, M. A. (1996). The impact of human resource management practices on perceptions of organizational performance. Academy of Management Journal, 39(4), 949–969.
Dewey, J. (1933). How we think: A restatement of the relation of reflective thinking to the educational process. Lexington, MA: Health, 35(64), 690–698.
Ding, W., Choi, E., & Aoyama, A. (2018). Relationships between interpersonal trust and knowledge sharing in workplace: The mediational role of prosocial motives. International Business Research, 11(8), 163–170.
Drucker, P. F. (1993a). Post–capitalist society. New York: Harper Business.
Drucker, P. F. (1993b). The rise of the knowledge society. Wilson Quarterly, 17(2), 52–71.
Drucker, P. F. (1994). The theory of business. Boston: Harvard Business Publishing.
Fauzi, M. A., Tan, C. N. L., & Ramayah, T. (2018). Knowledge sharing intention at Malaysian higher learning institutions: The academics’ viewpoint. Knowledge Management & E-Learning: An International Journal (KM&EL), 10(2), 163–176.
Foss, N. J., & Pedersen, T. (2002). Transferring knowledge in MNCs: The role of sources of subsidiary knowledge and organizational context. Journal of International Management, 8(1), 49–67.
Fullwood, R., & Rowley, J. (2017). An investigation of factors affecting knowledge sharing amongst UK academics. Journal of Knowledge Management, 21(5), 1254–1271.
Fullwood, R., Rowley, J., & McLean, J. (2018). Exploring the factors that influence knowledge sharing between academics. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 43(8), 1–13.
Garcia-Morales, V. J., Martín-Rojas, R., & Lardón-López, M. E. (2018). Influence of social media technologies on organizational performance through knowledge and innovation. Baltic Journal of Management, 13(3), 345–367.
Greenberg, J. (2014). Behavior in Organizations (Global edition). New York: Pearson Higher Ed.
Gruenfeld, D. H., Mannix, E. A., Williams, K. Y., & Neale, M. A. (1996). Group composition and decision making: How member familiarity and information distribution affect process and performance. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 67(1), 1–15.
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., & Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2006). Multivariate Data Analysis (Vol. 6): Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Hawryszkiewycz, I. (2019). Knowledge sharing and innovative work behavior: An extension of social cognitive theory crowdsourcing and knowledge management in contemporary business environments (pp. 71-102): Pennsylvania: IGI Global.
Hinds, P. J., Patterson, M., & Pfeffer, J. (2001). Bothered by abstraction: The effect of expertise on knowledge transfer and subsequent novice performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(6), 1232.
Hofstede, G. (1991). Cultures and organizations. Intercultural cooperation and its importance for survival. Software of the mind. London: Mc Graw-Hill.
Hofstede, G. (2003). Culture's consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions and organizations across nations. New York: Sage publications.
Hutchings, K., & Michailova, S. (2004). Facilitating knowledge sharing in Russian and Chinese subsidiaries: the role of personal networks and group membership. Journal of Knowledge Management, 8(2), 84–94.
Ismail Al-Alawi, A., Yousif Al-Marzooqi, N., & Fraidoon Mohammed, Y. (2007). Organizational culture and knowledge sharing: critical success factors. Journal of Knowledge Management, 11(2), 22–42.
Ismail, W., Nor, K. M., & Marjani, T. (2009). The role of knowledge sharing practice in enhancing project success. Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research, 1(7), 34–52.
Jackson, S., Chuang, C., Harden, E., & Jiang, Y. (2006). Toward developing human resource management systems for knowledge-intensive team work In J. M. Joseph (Ed.), Research in personnel and human resources management (vol. 25; pp. 27–70). Amsterdam: JAI.
Jang, S., Hong, K., Woo Bock, G., & Kim, I. (2002). Knowledge management and process innovation: the knowledge transformation path in Samsung SDI. Journal of Knowledge Management, 6(5), 479–485.
Jennex, M. E., & Zakharova, I. (2006). Culture, context, and knowledge management. International Journal of Knowledge Management, 2(2), 1-3
Jones, N. B., Herschel, R. T., & Moesel, D. D. (2003). Using “knowledge champions” to facilitate knowledge management. Journal of Knowledge Management, 7(1), 49–63.
Kaiser, H. F. (1974). An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika, 39(1), 31–36.
Lai, M. F., & Lee, G. G. (2007). Risk-avoiding cultures toward achievement of knowledge sharing. Business Process Management Journal, 13(4), 522–537.
Lee, J. C., Shiue, Y. C., & Chen, C. Y. (2016). Examining the impacts of organizational culture and top management support of knowledge sharing on the success of software process improvement. Computers in Human Behavior, 54, 462–474.
Lee, J. N. (2001). The impact of knowledge sharing, organizational capability and partnership quality on IS outsourcing success. Information & Management, 38(5), 323–335.
Liao, S. H., Chen, C. C., & Hu, D. C. (2018). The role of knowledge sharing and LMX to enhance employee creativity in theme park work team: a case study of Taiwan. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 30(5), 2343–2359.
Lin, H. F. (2007). Knowledge sharing and firm innovation capability: an empirical study. International Journal of Manpower, 28(3/4), 315–332.
Liu, C. H. S. (2018). Examining social capital, organizational learning and knowledge transfer in cultural and creative industries of practice. Tourism Management, 64, 258–270.
Loebbecke, C., van Fenema, P. C., & Powell, P. (2016). Managing inter-organizational knowledge sharing. The Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 25(1), 4–14.
Luxmi. (2014). Organizational learning act as a mediator between the relationship of knowledge management and organizational performance. Management and Labour Studies, 39(1), 31–41.
Masa'deh, R. E., Obeidat, B. Y., & Tarhini, A. (2016). A Jordanian empirical study of the associations among transformational leadership, transactional leadership, knowledge sharing, job performance, and firm performance: A structural equation modelling approach. Journal of Management Development, 35(5), 681–705.
Navimipour, N. J., & Charband, Y. (2016). Knowledge sharing mechanisms and techniques in project teams: Literature review, classification, and current trends. Computers in Human Behavior, 62, 730–742.
Nonaka, I. (1991). The knowledge-creating company. Harvard Business Rreview, November-December, 160–172.
Nonaka, I. (1994). A dynamic theory of organizational knowledge creation. Organization Science, 5(1), 14–37.
Nonaka, I., & Takeuchi, H. (1995). The knowledge creation company: how Japanese companies create the dynamics of innovation, New York: Oxford University Press.
Oyemomi, O., Liu, S., Neaga, I., Chen, H., & Nakpodia, F. (2018). How cultural impact on knowledge sharing contributes to organizational performance: Using the fsQCA approach. Journal of Business Research. 94, 313–319.
Park, S., & Kim, E. J. (2018). Fostering organizational learning through leadership and knowledge sharing. Journal of Knowledge Management. 22(6), 1408–1423.
Qureshi, I., Fang, Y., Haggerty, N., Compeau, D. R., & Zhang, X. (2018). IT mediated social interactions and knowledge sharing: Role of competence based trust and background heterogeneity. Information Systems Journal. 28(5), 929–955.
Rahman, M. S., Mannan, M., Hossain, M. A., Zaman, M. H., & Hassan, H. (2018). Tacit knowledge sharing behavior among the academic staff: trust, self-efficacy, motivation and Big Five personality traits embedded model. International Journal of Educational Management 32(5), 761–782.
Rutten, W., Blaas-Franken, J., & Martin, H. (2016). The impact of (low) trust on knowledge sharing. Journal of Knowledge Management, 20(2), 199–214.
Schein, E. H. (1990). Organizational culture (Vol. 45). New York: American Psychological Association.
Schein, E. H. (2004). Organizational culture and leadership (Jossey-Bass Business & Management Series). New York: Jossey Bass Incorporated.
Schoorman, F. D., Mayer, R. C., & Davis, J. H. (2007). An integrative model of organizational trust: Past, present, and future. Academy of Management Review, 32(2), 344–354.
Senge, P. M. (2014). The fifth discipline fieldbook: Strategies and tools for building a learning organization: Crown Business.
Skaik, H., & Othman, R. (2018). Exploring the determinants affecting academics' knowledge-sharing behavior in united arab emirates public universities contemporary knowledge and systems science (pp. 151-191). Pennsylvania: IGI Global.
Small, C. T., & Sage, A. P. (2005). Knowledge management and knowledge sharing: A review. Information Knowledge Systems Management, 5(3), 153–169.
Smith, A. D., & Rupp, W. T. (2002). Communication and loyalty among knowledge workers: a resource of the firm theory view. Journal of Knowledge Management, 6(3), 250–261.
Sowa, J. F. (1984). Conceptual structures: Information processing in mind and machines (The Systems Programing Series). Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Teece, D. J. (1998). Capturing value from knowledge assets: The new economy, markets for know-how, and intangible assets. California Management Review, 40(3), 55–79.
Turban, E., & Frenzel, L. E. (1992). Expert systems and applied artificial intelligence. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall Professional Technical Reference.
Van Den Hooff, B., & De Ridder, J. A. (2004). Knowledge sharing in context: the influence of organizational commitment, communication climate and CMC use on knowledge sharing. Journal of Knowledge Management, 8(6), 117–130.
Voelpel, S. C., Dous, M., & Davenport, T. H. (2005). Five steps to creating a global knowledge-sharing system: Siemens' ShareNet. Academy of Management Perspectives, 19(2), 9–23.
Wang, Z., & Wang, N. (2012). Knowledge sharing, innovation and firm performance. Expert Systems with Applications, 39(10), 8899–8908.
Zhou, K. Z., & Li, C. B. (2012). How knowledge affects radical innovation: Knowledge base, market knowledge acquisition, and internal knowledge sharing. Strategic Management Journal, 33(9), 1090–1102.
