Implementation of Citizen Participatory Audit: Establishing a Framework from Existing Structures

  • Munim Matin Afridi Auditor General of Pakistan
  • Naghma Quaid e Azam University
  • Shaukat Ali
Keywords: government audit,, citizen participatory audit,, community engagement,, public sector,, supreme audit institution

Abstract

Abstract Views: 0

Citizen Participatory Auditing (CPA) incorporates the participation of general public within the accountability domain of the country under the umbrella of the Supreme Audit Institution (SAI). The implementation of Citizen Participatory Audit in the accountability mechanisms has just recently been accelerated in the policy matters of several democracies. While the initiation of this concept is still at an emerging stage, the implementation mechanisms are widely diversified and in need of amalgamative consideration. Therefore, this paper creates a methodological framework for the implementation of the nascent Citizen Participatory Audit initiative in Pakistan that has gained traction under the Auditor General of Pakistan. The initiation of CPA is explored in this paper under the context of Pakistan’s Public Sector Auditing while making ground for the establishment of a framework for effective implementation of Community Participation. The paper analyzes the current arrangement of Citizen Participation in Audit to explore the creation of a framework that utilizes the current structures that would aid in design of an effective community-influenced auditing framework. The established framework follows a traditional Input, Process and Output configuration that incorporates the structures and entities at the Input-Output level and the procedures and evaluations for audit in the Process category. The paper cements a broader implementation of the Framework that can be adjusted to various levels of the government. The replication of the CPA Framework can be adjusted and modeled around various democracies’ public sector accountability institutions due to the similarities of its domain.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Afridi, M. M., & Bilal, Z. (2021). Performance of governance in Pakistan and the causes of its crisis. European Online Journal of Natural and Social Sciences, 10(1), 43–51.

Afridi, M. M., & Khan, M. A. (2024). Issues surrounding public sector auditors in developing countries. Financial And Credit Systems: Prospects for Development, 2(13), 24–32. https://doi.org/10 .26565/2786-4995-2024-2-03

Ahlan, A. R. (2014). Implementation of input-process-output model for measuring information system project success. TELKOMNIKA Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering, 12(7), 5603–5612. http://doi.org/10.11591/tijee.v12i7.3669

Baimyrzaeva, M., & Kose, H. O. (2014). The role of supreme audit institutions in improving citizen participation in governance. International Public Management Review, 15(2), 77–90.

Batool, S., Gill, S. A., Javaid, S., & Khan, A. J. (2021). Good governance via E-Governance: Moving towards digitalization for a digital economy. Review of Applied Management and Social Sciences, 4(4), 823–836. https://doi.org/10.47067/ramss.v4i4.186

Berthin, G. (2011). A practical guide to social audit as a participatory tool to strengthen democratic governance, transparency, and accountability. UNDP. https://www.undp-aciac.org/publications/ ac/books/practicalguide-socialaudit-e.pdf

Cockcroft, A., Andersson, N., Omer, K., Ansari, N., Khan, A., Chaudhry, U. U., & Saeed, S. (2002). Social audit of governance and delivery of public services: Baseline survey 2002 national report. National Reconstruction Bureau. https://www.ciet.org/wp-content/blogs. dir/20/files/2019/10/2006224174624.pdf

Dassen, N., & Lavin, R. (2024). Citizen participation in government audits through digital tools: Overview of initiatives from supreme audit institution. IDB. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0013049

Department of the Auditor General of Pakistan. (2012). Financial Audit Manual (FAM) revised 2012. https://agp.gov.pk/SiteImage/Misc/files/ Revised%20FAM%20Book(1).pdf

Favre, I. (2022). Civil society participation in audit – the Australian National Audit Office’s approach to citizen engagement in performance audits. INTOSAI Journal. https://intosaijournal.org/journal-entry/civil-society-participation-in-audit-the-australian-national-audit-offices-approach-to-citizen-engagement-in-performance-audits/

Hacker, K. L., & van Dijk, J. (Eds.). (2000). Digital democracy: Issues of theory and practice. Sage Publications.

Janjua, A., Attique, F., Raza, A., & Akbar, W. (2019). Effective performance management of local governments in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 68(1), 26–45. https://doi.org/10.1108 /IJPPM-11-2017-0300

Kelly, C. (2012). Prioritizing risks for the future: Auditors at an Australian transport company use mathematical analysis to assist them in their audit planning. Internal Auditor, 69(5), 53–58.

Kim, S. (2014). Side by side with people: Korea's experiences on participatory auditing. International Journal of Government Auditing, 41(3), 16–20.

Kweit, M. G., & Kweit, R. W. (2007). Participation, perception of participation, and citizen support. American Politics Research, 35(3), 407–425. https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673X06296206

Maguire, S. (2019). Citizen engagement in Pakistan. DAI. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5ee345dbd3bf7f1eb5fef728/Citizen_Engagement_in_Pakistan_final_for_publishing_rev_KII_redacted.pdf

Masood, A., & Afzal, M. (2016). Determinants of audit quality in Pakistan. Journal of Quality and Technology Management, 12(2), 25–49.

Mize, C. E. (1972). Citizen participation in public decision-making: A study of the Willamette National Forest. Oregon Publishers.

Molokwane, T., & Lukamba, M. T. (2018, July 4–6). Citizen involvement in the formulation of public policy [Paper presentation]. The 3rd Annual International Conference on Public Administration and Development Alternatives, Stellenbosch University, Saldahna Bay, South Africa

Natan‐Krup, D., & Mizrahi, S. (2025). Public accountability and auditing: Why and when do state auditors conduct broad audits? Public Administration, 103(1), 166–184. https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.13012

SAI Philippines. (2022). Experience sharing material on citizen participatory audit in context of environmental auditing. https://wgea. org/media/117686/citizen-participatory-audit.pdf

Tattersall, P. & Eastman, K. (2009). Community based auditing toolbox. Tasmanian community resource auditors Inc. Resource Publications.

Tattersall, P. (2016). Community-based auditing: A post-normal science methodology. Nature and Culture, 11(3), 322–336.

The Danish Institute of Human Rights. (2012). Public participation audit. https://www.humanrights.dk/files/media/migrated/public_participation_audit_eng.pdf

Usman, M. (2023). Evaluation of the citizen participatory audit by the department of the auditor general of Pakistan. Sayıştay Dergisi, 34(129), 201–233. https://doi.org/10.52836/sayistay.1319323

Published
2025-12-10
How to Cite
Afridi, M. M., Afridi, N. S., & Ali, S. (2025). Implementation of Citizen Participatory Audit: Establishing a Framework from Existing Structures. Governance and Society Review, 4(2), 28-56. https://doi.org/10.32350/gsr.42.02
Section
Articles