Friday Sermons in Singapore: The Voice of Authorities toward Building State-Centric Muslim Identity
Abstract
Abstract Views: 172This article examines to what extent Friday sermons are used by the government of Singapore through its statutory board, Majlis Ugama Islam Singapura (MUIS) or Islamic Religious Council of Singapore, to enact government policies and communicate it’s approved Islamic interpretations. A content analysis methodology was employed to discursively elucidate Friday sermon texts delivered in 2019 in Singapore, which were all taken from MUIS websites. Findings showed that the religious authority modulated religious discourses and utilized the Friday sermons as an avenue of forging state-centric Muslim identity and modulating interpretations of Islam. This content analysis study stresses the importance of how Friday sermons could be used to construct Muslim identity in secular state policies and shape a socio-political harmony between state vision and development and Muslim minorities. This paper implies that the current entanglements of religion and development are closely intertwined in which religion and state-building initiatives led by the government reciprocally interact and mutually benefit.
Keywords: Authority, Friday Sermon, Islam, Muslim Identity, Singapore
Downloads
References
Azeez, Rizwana Abdul. “Creating a Modern Singapore Muslim Community: A Tale of Language Dissonances.” ISEAS Working Papers, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies Singapore, No. 2, (2014): 1-16. https://www.iseas.edu.sg/images/pdf/iseas_working_papers_2014_2.pdf
Azodanloo, Heidar G. “Formalization of Friday Sermons and Consolidation of the Islamic Republic of Iran.” Critique: Critical Middle Eastern Studies 1, no. 1 (1992): 12–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/10669929208720023 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10669929208720023
Borthwick, Bruce M. “The Islamic Sermon as a Channel of Political Communication.” Middle East Journal 2, no. 3 (1967): 299-313.
Chee, Chan Heng. Singapore: The Politics of Survival 1965-1967. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1971.
Clayton, T. “A Review of the Singapore Dilemma: The Political and Educational Marginality of the Malay Community.” The Journal of Asian Studies 60, no. 4 (2001): 1242-1244. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2700097
Department of Statistics. “Executive Summary.” Accessed 1 May, 2021. https://www.singstat.gov.sg/-/media/files/publications/ghs/ghs2015/executive-summary.pdf
Dinnen, Sinclair. “The Twin Processes of Nation-Building and State-Building.” SSGM Briefing Note 1, no. 1 (2007).
Errihani, Mohammed. “Managing Religious Discourse in the Mosque: The End of Extremist Rhetoric during the Friday Sermon.” Journal of North African Studies 16, no. 3 (2011): 381-394. https://doi.org/10.1080/13629387.2010.515411 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13629387.2010.515411
Feener, R Michael., and Philip Fountain. “Religion in the Age of Development.” Religions 9, no. 12 (2018): 1-23. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel9120382 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/rel9120382
Funston, John. “Singapore”, in Voices of Islam in Southeast Asia: A Contemporary Sourcebook, edited by Greg Fealy and Virginia M. Hooker, 71-75. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2006,
Hill, Michael., and Kwen Fee Lian. The Politics of Nation Building and Citizenship in Singapore. London: Routledge, 1995.
Hunter, Murray. “Singapore’s Malay Dilemma: They continue to be Left out of the Island Republic’s Prosperity.” Bebas News, 5 July, 2020. https://bebasnews.my/?p=39832
Kadir, Suzaina. “Islam, State and Society in Singapore.” Inter-Asia Cultural Studies 5, no. 3 (2004): 357- 371. https://doi.org/10.1080/1464937042000288660 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1464937042000288660
Law, Kam Yee. “The Myth of Multiracialism in Post-9/11 Singapore: The Tudung Incident.” New Zealand Journal of Asian Studies 5, no. 1 (2003): 51-71. http://www.asia-studies.com/asia/NZJAS/2003Jun/5.1_4.pdf
Lotfi, Fatma. “New Zealand mosque attacks: terrorism or act of violence?” Daily News Egypt, 17 March, 2019. https://dailynewsegypt.com/2019/03/17/new-zealand-mosque-attacks-terrorism-or-act-of-violence/
Mostarom, Tuty Raihanah. “The Singapore Ulama, Religious Agency in the Context of a Strong State.” Asian Journal of Social Science 42, no. 5 (2014): 561-583. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43495820 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/15685314-04205005
MUIS. “Risalah for Building a Singapore Muslim Community of Excellence.” Accessed 21 November, 2020. https://www.muis.gov.sg/-/media/Files/OOM/Resources/Risalah-eng-lr.pdf
MUIS. “The Importance of Having a Positive Attitude.” Accessed 21 November, 2020. https://www.muis.gov.sg/-/media/Files/OOM/Khutbah/English/PDF/2019/E19Jan4-The-Importance-of-Having-a-Positive-Attitude.pdf
MUIS. “Understanding ‘Proactive Rahmah’.” Accessed 21 November, 2020 https://www.muis.gov.sg/-/media/Files/OOM/Khutbah/English/PDF/2019/E19Jan11-Understanding-Proactive-Rahmah.pdf
MUIS. “Achieving Enlightenment in Life through Imān, Taqwa and Knowledge.” Accessed 21 November, 2020 https://www.muis.gov.sg/-/media/Files/OOM/Khutbah/English/PDF/2019/E19Jan18-Achieving-Enlightenment-in-Life-Through-Iman-Taqwa--Knowledge.pdf
MUIS. “Appreciating Allah S.W. T’s Name: Al-Khaliq.” Accessed 21 November, 2020. https://www.muis.gov.sg/-/media/Files/OOM/Khutbah/English/PDF/2019/E19Feb8Appreciating-Allah-SWTs-Name-AlKhaliq.pdf
MUIS. “Appreciating Allah S.W. T’s Name - Al-Mujīb.” Accessed 21 November, 2020. https://www.muis.gov.sg/-/media/Files/OOM/Khutbah/English/PDF/2019/E19Feb15-Appreciating-Allah-SWTs-Name-AlMujibdoc.pdf
MUIS. “Appreciating Allah’s Name: As-Salam.” Accessed 21 November, 2020. https://www.muis.gov.sg/-/media/Files/OOM/Khutbah/English/PDF/2019/E19Feb22--Appreciating-Allah-swts-name-AsSalam.pdf
MUIS. “Valuing the Gift of Harmony.” Accessed 21 November, 2020. https://www.muis.gov.sg/-/media/Files/OOM/Khutbah/English/PDF/2019/E19Mar22---Valuing-the-Gift-of-Harmony.pdf
MUIS. “Appreciating Our Wives.” Accessed 21 November, 2020. https://www.muis.gov.sg/-/media/Files/OOM/Khutbah/English/PDF/2019/E19Apr05--Appreciating-our-wives.pdf
MUIS. “The Importance of Father’s Involvement in Children’s Lives.” Accessed 21 November, 2020. https://www.muis.gov.sg/-/media/Files/OOM/Khutbah/English/E19Apr12-The-Importance-of-Fathers-Involvement-in-Childrens-Lives.pdf
MUIS. “Responsibility towards Both Parents.” Accessed 21 November, 2020. https://www.muis.gov.sg/-/media/Files/OOM/Khutbah/English/PDF/2019/E19Apr19---Responsibility-Towards-Both-Parents.pdf
MUIS. “Protecting Your Family from Harm.” Accessed 21 November, 2020. https://www.muis.gov.sg/-/media/Files/OOM/Khutbah/English/PDF/2019/E19Apr26---Protecting-Your-Family-from-Harm.pdf
MUIS. “Virtues from the Quran As-Sabirin.” Accessed 21 November, 2020. https://www.muis.gov.sg/-/media/Files/OOM/Khutbah/English/PDF/2019/E19May03---Virtues-form-the-Quran-As-Sabirin.pdf
MUIS. “Planning for the Welfare of Our Families.” Accessed 21 November, 2020. https://www.muis.gov.sg/-/media/Files/OOM/Khutbah/English/PDF/2019/E19May17---Planning-for-the-Welfare-of-Our-Families.pdf
MUIS. “Looking After Our Physical Health.” Accessed 21 November, 2020. https://www.muis.gov.sg/-/media/Files/OOM/Khutbah/English/PDF/2019/E19Jun07---Looking-After-Our-Physical-health.pdf
MUIS. “Living in Moderation.” Accessed 21 November, 2020. https://www.muis.gov.sg/-/media/Files/OOM/Khutbah/English/PDF/2019/E19Jun14---Living-in-Moderation.pdf
MUIS. “Maintaining Mental Health and Well-Being.” Accessed 21 November, 2020. https://www.muis.gov.sg/-/media/Files/OOM/Khutbah/English/PDF/2019/E19Jun21--Maintaining-Mental-Health-and-Well-Being.pdf
MUIS. “Shaping Spiritual Resilience.” Accessed 21 November, 2020. https://www.muis.gov.sg/-/media/Files/OOM/Khutbah/English/PDF/2019/E19Jun28---Shaping-Spiritual-Resilience.pdf
MUIS. “The Value of Justice (the Story of Saidina Umar).” Accessed 21 November, 2020. https://www.muis.gov.sg/-/media/Files/OOM/Khutbah/English/PDF/2019/E19Aug09--The-Value-of-Justice-The-Story-of-Saidina-Umar-ra.pdf
MUIS. “Values in the Quran: Positive Interaction within the Household.” Accessed 21 November, 2020. https://www.muis.gov.sg/-/media/Files/OOM/Khutbah/English/PDF/2019/E19Aug16--Values-in-the-Quran--Positive-Interaction-Within-the-Householddoc.pdf
MUIS. “Quranic Values - Values That Guide Us to Goodness.” Accessed 21 November, 2020. https://www.muis.gov.sg/-/media/Files/OOM/Khutbah/English/PDF/2019/E19Aug30---Quranic-Values---Values-That-Guide-Us-to-Goodness.pdf
MUIS. “Developing the Potential of Our Youth.” Accessed 21 November, 2020. https://www.muis.gov.sg/-/media/Files/OOM/Khutbah/English/PDF/2019/E19Sep6---Developing-The-Potential-of-Our-Youth.pdf
MUIS. “Barakah in Old Age.” Accessed 21 November, 2020. https://www.muis.gov.sg/-/media/Files/OOM/Khutbah/English/PDF/2019/E19Sep13---Barakah-In-Old-Age.pdf
MUIS. “Looking After Our Family’s Welfare.” Accessed 21 November, 2020. https://www.muis.gov.sg/-/media/Files/OOM/Khutbah/English/PDF/2019/E19Sept20---Looking-After-Our-Familys-Welfare.pdf
MUIS. “Making a Positive Impact.” Accessed 21 November, 2020. https://www.muis.gov.sg/-/media/Files/OOM/Khutbah/English/PDF/2019/E19Sep27---Making-A-Positive-Impact.pdf
MUIS. “Developing the Lenses of Hope.” Accessed 21 November, 2020. https://www.muis.gov.sg/-/media/Files/OOM/Khutbah/English/PDF/2019/E19Oct4---Developing-the-Lenses-of-Hope.pdf
MUIS. “Ethics and Compassion in Relationships.” Accessed 21 November, 2020. https://www.muis.gov.sg/-/media/Files/OOM/Khutbah/English/PDF/2019/E19Oct11---Ethics-and-Compassion-in-Relationships.pdf
MUIS. “The Danger of Arrogance in Knowledge.” Accessed 21 November, 2020. https://www.muis.gov.sg/-/media/Files/OOM/Khutbah/English/PDF/2019/E19Oct25---The-Danger-of-Arrogance-in-Knowledge.pdf
MUIS. “Loving the Prophet through Emulation.” Accessed 21 November, 2020. https://www.muis.gov.sg/-/media/Files/OOM/Khutbah/English/PDF/2019/E19Nov1---Loving-the-Prophet-Through-Emulation.pdf
MUIS. “A Trait of Rasulullah s.a.w’s – Absence of Envy.” Accessed 21 November, 2020. https://www.muis.gov.sg/-/media/Files/OOM/Khutbah/English/PDF/2019/E19Nov8--A-Trait-of-Rasulullah-saws--Absence-of-Envy.pdf
MUIS. “Prophet’s Etiquette of Guarding the Tongue.” Accessed 21 November, 2020. https://www.muis.gov.sg/-/media/Files/OOM/Khutbah/English/PDF/2019/E19Nov15---The-Prophets-Etiquette-of-Guarding-the-Tongue.pdf
MUIS. “The Prophet’s Etiquette of Humility.” Accessed 21 November, 2020. https://www.muis.gov.sg/-/media/Files/OOM/Khutbah/English/PDF/2019/E19Nov22---The-Prophets-Etiquette-of-Humility.pdf
MUIS. “Rasulullah S.A.W.’s Way of Dealing with Anger.” Accessed 21 November, 2020. https://www.muis.gov.sg/-/media/Files/OOM/Khutbah/English/PDF/2019/E19Nov29--Rasulullah-saws-Way-of-Dealing-With-Anger.pdf
MUIS. “The Positive Impact of Forgiveness.” Accessed 21 November, 2020. https://www.muis.gov.sg/-/media/Files/OOM/Khutbah/English/PDF/2019/E19Dec6---The-Positive-Impact-of-Forgiveness.pdf
MUIS. “The Virtue of Openness: the Key to Self-Reflection.” Accessed 21 November, 2020. https://www.muis.gov.sg/-/media/Files/OOM/Khutbah/English/PDF/2019/E19Dec13--The-Virtue-of-Openness-The-Key-to-SelfReflection.pdf
MUIS. “Optimizing the Gift of Time.” Accessed 21 November, 2020. https://www.muis.gov.sg/-/media/Files/OOM/Khutbah/English/PDF/2019/E19Dec27---Optimizing-the-Gift-of-Time.pdf
Musahadi. “The Role of Mosque and Khutba in Socio-Economic Development of Indonesia: Lessons from Kauman Mosque in Central Java.” GJAT 8, no. 2 (2018): 55-66. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685314-04205005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7187/GJAT122018-5
Mutalib, Hussin. “Singapore Muslims: The Quest for Identity in a Modern City-State.” Jour¬nal of Muslim Minority Affairs 25, no. 1 (2005): 53-72. https://doi.org/10.1080/13602000500114116 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13602000500114116
Nasir, Kamaludeen Mohamed., Alexius A. Pereira, and Bryan S. Turner. Muslims in Singapore: Piety, Politics and Policies. London and New York: Routledge, 2010.
Nasir, Kamaludeen Mohamed. “The Muslim Power Elites in Singapore: the Burden of Community.” PhD Dissertation, University of Singapore, 2007.
Ortmann, Stephan. “Singapore: The Politics of Inventing National Identity.” Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs 28, no. 4 (2009): 23-46. https://doi.org/10.1177/186810340902800402 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/186810340902800402
Padela, Aasim I., Sana Malik, and Nadila Ahmed. “Acceptability of Friday Sermons as a Modality for Health Promotion and Education.” Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-017-0647-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-017-0647-8
Parliament of Singapore. The Jemaah Islamiyah Arrests and the Threat of Terrorism Singapore: Ministry of Home Affairs, 2003. https://eservice.nlb.gov.sg/viewer/BookSG/2125a7b0-9a25-47ca-bf7f-a74a41a4261b
Parliament of Singapore. Shared Values. Singapore: Prime Minister's Office, 1991. https://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/government_records/Flipviewer/grid_publish/a/a472b486-7aea-11e7-83df-0050568939ad-Cmd.1of1991/web/html5/index.html?launchlogo=tablet/GovernmentRecords_brandingLogo_.png
Pasuni, Afif. “Negotiating Statist Islam: Fatwa and State Policy in Singapore.” Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs 37 no. 1 (2018): 57-88. https://doi.org/10.1177/186810341803700103 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/186810341803700103
Rahim, Lily Zubaidah. The Singapore Dilemma: The Political and Educational Marginality of the Malay Community. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 2001.
—. “Governing Muslims in Singapore’s Secular State.” Australian Journal of International Affairs 66, no. 2 (2012): 169-185. https://doi.org/10.1080/10357718.2011.646483 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10357718.2011.646483
Rahman, Noor Aisha Abdul. “The Muslim Religious Elite of Singapore.” In Eng, L. A. (Ed.) Religious Diversity in Singapore. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2008: 248-274. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1355/9789812307552-020
Reeber, Michel. “A Study of Islamic Preaching in France.” Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations 2, no. 2 (1991): 275-294. https://doi.org/10.1080/09596419108720962 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09596419108720962
Samuri, M Mohd Al Adib., and Peter Hopkins. “Voices of Islamic Authorities: Friday Khutba in Malaysian Mosques.” Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations 28, no. 1 (2017): 47-67. https://doi.org/10.1080/09596410.2017.1280916 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09596410.2017.1280916
Steiner, Kerstin. “Governing Islam: The State, the Administration of Muslim Law Act (AMLA) and Islam in Singapore.” Australian Journal of Asian Law 16, No. 1 (2015): 1-16. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2627501
Tang, Charlene. “(Re)imagining the Muslim Identity in Singapore.” Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism 8, no. 1 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-9469.2008.00002.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-9469.2008.00002.x
—. “Narrowing the Gap: The Educational Achievements of the Malay Community in Singapore.” Intercultural Education 18, no. 1 (2007): 71-82. https://doi.org/10.1080/14675980601143710 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14675980601143710
—. “Maximizing the Overlapping Area: Multiculturalism and a Muslim Identity for Madrasahs in Singapore.” Journal of Beliefs and Values: Studies in Religion and Education 30, no. 1 (2009): 41-48. https://doi.org/10.1080/13617670902784535 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13617670902784535
—. “Our Shared Values in Singapore: A Confucian Perspective.” Educational Theory 62, no. 4 (2012): 451. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-5446.2012.00456.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-5446.2012.00456.x
Tan, Jason. “Improving Malay Educational Achievement in Singapore: Problems and Policies.” Asia Pacific Journal of Education 1, no. 1 (1997): 41-57. https://doi.org/10.1080/02188799708547742 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02188799708547742
Torstrick, Rebecca L., and Elizabeth Faier. Culture and Customs of the Arab Gulf States. Westport: Greenwood, 2009.
Vasu, Norman. “Encountering Terrorism: Multiculturalism and Singapore.” Asian Ethnicity 9, no. 1 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1080/14631360701803203 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14631360701803203
Wiktorowicz, Quintan. “State Power and the Regulation of Islam in Jordan.” Journal of Church and State 41, no. 4 (1999): 1-20. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23920400 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jcs/41.4.677
Yahya, Firdaus. “Mandatory Asatizah Recognition Scheme.” Accessed 1 May, 2020. https://blog.pergas.org.sg/mandatory-asatizah-recognition-scheme/
Copyright (c) 2022 Helmiati
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) 4.0 License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work’s authorship and initial publication in this journal.