Morality from Classical Civilizations to Post-Modern Era: A Historical Account Through Islamic Lens

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The article provides a comprehensive exploration of the evolution of moral values across various civilizations. It begins by defining morality as a complex system of beliefs and ethical standards that shape human behavior and differentiate between right and wrong. The article then traces the historical perspectives on morality, starting from early classical civilizations like the Greeks and Hindus, to the influence of Semitic religions, particularly Islam, on the development of a coherent moral code. The central thesis revolves around how the perception of morality has shifted significantly over time, from a divine and transcendental pursuit in traditional civilizations to a secular, subjective notion in the modern Western world. The article highlights how traditional systems viewed morality as a pathway to achieving inner peace and cosmic harmony, while the Semitic religions, especially Islam, emphasize the divine command theory, where moral values are absolute, eternal, and rooted in the Qur’an and the Sunnah of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). In contrast, modern Western thought, emerging after the Renaissance, places the individual at the center of morality, favoring subjective reasoning over divine guidance. The final sections argue that Islamic morality, unlike other systems, offers a balance between human instincts and divine will, portraying man as inherently good yet capable of moral failures. Islamic teachings provide a comprehensive and timeless framework for human conduct, ensuring both personal and societal harmony. The article concludes that the true understanding of morality lies in adhering to a divinely revealed code, as human nature is susceptible to corruption without the guiding principles set forth by Allah as mentioned in Quran and Hadith.