Islamic Habitus in English Language Textbooks Produced by Boards in Pakistan

Keywords: Islamic habitus, textbook analysis, English textbook, textbook boards

Abstract

Abstract Views: 558

The textbook is an important and powerful tool used by the state to reproduce the social and cultural habits of a group, most often, of the majority group’s social and cultural imaginations. The habitus produces and instills the world-view about society, the social and cultural values that a state valorized and would like pupils to internalize and make it part of their world-view. This study analyzes the English textbook published by the state textbook boards (Punjab, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and Sindh) for the academic year 2018-2019 for pupils of classes four to eight. The textbook content was analyzed using the Qualitative Content Analysis method. The content of 15 textbooks was digitized (scanned and made readable) to electronically categorized the text into categories using Nvivo 12 Plus software. The analysis revealed that the content is focused on developing and promoting Islamic habitus through stories weaved around family, making it a core component of a Muslim country. The family members practiced Islamic values, social and cultural, not only through their everyday lives at home, in school, and at other public places but also within their community through the celebration of cultural and religious festivals. The textbooks presented the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) and his family’s life as an ideal life to be lead by all, whether Muslims or non-Muslims. The textbook highlighted the ‘good,’ the ‘bad,’ valorizing the former and stigmatizing the latter to encourage pupils to develop an Islamic world-view. The textbooks fail to look into the micro-level national habitus, that is, portraying the habitus of its minorities, ethnic and religious, as the content did not integrate their habitus into the national habitus of Pakistan, making it the habitus of the majority. The current fast globalizing world needed to be presented to pupils a world-view, and this required, broadening the scope of textbook content to make it reflective of true Pakistani habitus aligned and rooted in the humane global world-view.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Aftab, Asma. "English Language Textbooks Evaluation in Pakistan." doctoral dissertation, University of Birmingham, 2012.

Ahmad, Muhammad, and Syed Kazim Shah. "A Critical Discourse Analysis of Gender Representations in the Content of 5th Grade English Language Textbook." International and Multidisciplinary Journal of Social Sciences 8, no. 1 (2019): 1-24.

Apple, Michael W. Ideology and Curriculum. New York: Routledge, 2004.

Apple, Michael W, and Linda K Christian-Smith. "The Politics of the Textbook." In The Politics of the Textbook, edited by Michael W Apple and Linda K Christian-Smith, 1-21. London: Routledge, 1991.

Asghar, Jabreel. "Thou Shalt Not Think: Editors’ Voice in an English Textbook to Propagate Vested Agendas." Education Research International (2014): 1-8.

Ashraf, Hina. "A Study of English Language Learning as an Element Affecting the Social Capital of the People of Pakistan." Doctoral dissertation, National University of Modern Languzages, 2006.

Bourdieu, Pierre. "Marriage Strategies as Strategies of Social Reproduction." Translated by Elborg Forster and Patricia M Ranum. In Family and Society: Selections from the Annales, edited by Robert Forster and Orest Ranum, 117–44. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976.

———. Outline of a Theory of Practice. Vol. 16: Cambridge university press, 1977.

Calhoun, Craig. "Habitus, Field, and Capital: The Question of Historical Specificity." In Bourdieu: Critical Perspectives, edited by Craig Calhoun, Edward LiPuma and Moishe Postone, 61–88. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993.

Channa, Liaquat Ali, Daniel Gilhooly, Abdul Razaque Channa, and Syed Abdul Manan. "Teaching English or Producing Docility? Foucauldian Analysis of Pakistani State-Mandated English Textbooks." Cogent Education 4, no. 1 (2017): 1-17.

Elias, Norbert. The Civilizing Process: Psychogenetic and Sciogenetic Ivestigations. 2nd ed. Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 2000.

Elias, Norbert, and Michael Schroter, eds. The Germans: Power Struggles and the Development of Habitus. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 1997.

Ernst, Stefanie, Christoph Weischer, and Behrouz Alikhani. "Changing Power Relations and the Drag Effects of Habitus. Theoretical and Empirical Approaches in the Twenty-First Century. An Introduction." Historical Social Research/Historische Sozialforschung (2017): 7-21.

Freire, Paulo. Pedagogy of the Oppressed. New York: Continuum, 1970.

Freire, Paulo, and Ana Maria Ara. Pedagogy of the Heart. London, UK: Bloomsbury Publishing 1998.

GoP. "National Curriculum for English Language Grades I-Xii." edited by Ministry of Education. Islamabad: GoP, 2006.

———. "National Education Policy 2009." edited by Ministry of Education. Islamabad: GoP, 2008.

Gulab, Fozia, and Ashar Johnson Khokhar. "Content Analysis of Language Textbooks (English, Urdu, Sindhi) for Inclusivity." Journal of Education & Social Sciences 6, no. 1 (2018): 55-71.

Habib, Azhar. "An Analysis of Cultural Load in English Textbooks Taught in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan." NUML Journal of Critical Inquiry 12, no. 2 (2014): 72.

Habib, Azhar, and Inayat Ullah. "Indigenous Culture and Academic Discourse: A Critique of English Textbooks in Pakistan." Global Social Sciences Review (GSSR) 2, no. 1 (2017): 130 -49.

Hameed, Ansa. "Language and Gender: An Analysis of English Textbooks Produced by Punjab Textbook Board for Elementary Level in Pakistan." Journal of Education and Practice 5, no. 11 (2014): 108-13.

Harwood, Nigel, ed. English Language Teaching Textbooks: Content, Consumption, Production. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.

Holsti, Ole R. Content Analysis for the Social Sciences and Humanities. Reading. MA: Addison-Wesley, 1969.

Iqbal, Jamshed. "A Review of English Textbook at Secondary Level in the Province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan." Research Journal of Educational Sciences 2321 (2013): 0508.

Islami, Milad. "Character Values and Their Internalization in Teaching and Learning English at Madrasah." Dinamika Ilmu 16, no. 2 (2016): 279-89.

Johnston, Bill. Values in English Language Teaching. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers, 2003.

Karim, Shahzad, and Naushaba Haq. "Culture of Language Learning: A Comparative Study of English Language Textbooks Used in Pakistan." Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies 10, no. 2 (2014): 157-68.

Kazim Shah, Syed, Shaista Hassan, and Wajiha Iqbal. "Evaluation of Text-Book as Curriculum: English for 6 and 7 Grades in Pakistan." International Journal of English Language Education 3, no. 2 (2015).

Khalid, Mamoona. "Gender Representation in Primary Level (Grade V) English Language Textbooks in Pakistan." International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Culture (Linqua-IJLLC) (2016): 48.

Khurshid, Khalid, Iram Gul Gillani, and Muhammad Aamir Hashmi. "A Study of the Representation of Female Image in the Textbooks of English and Urdu at Secondary School Level." Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences (PJSS) 3, no. 2 (2010): 425-37.

Kirkpatrick, Andy. World Englishes: Implications for International Communicationand English Language Teaching. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2012.

Kirkpatrick, Andy, and David Deterding. "World Englishes." In The Routledge Handbook of Applied Linguistics, edited by James Simpson. London: Routledge, 2011.

Klerides, Loris Eleftherios. "The Discursive (Re) Construction of National Identity in Cyprus and England with Special Reference to History Textbooks: A Comparative Study." Doctoral dissertation, University of London, 2008.

KPKTB. "English Class 6." Peshawar, Pakistan: Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Textbook Board, 2017.

———. "English Class 8." Peshawar, Pakistan: Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Textbook Board, 2017.

Krippendorff, Klaus. Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology. 4th ed. New York: SAGE, 2018.

Kuckartz, Udo. "Chapter 8 Qualitative Text Analysis: A Systematic Approach." In Compendium for Early Career Researchers in Mathematics Education, edited by Gabriele Kaiser and Norma Presmeg. Cham, Switzerland: SpringerOpen, 2019.

Kuipers, Giselinde. "The Rise and Decline of National Habitus: Dutch Cycling Culture and the Shaping of National Similarity." European journal of social theory 16, no. 1 (2013): 17-35.

Mayring, Philipp. Qualitative Content Analysis: Theoretical Foundation, Basic Procedures and Software Solution. Austria: Klagenfurt, 2014.

Naseem, Ayaz M. "Peace in Times of Globalization: De-(Constructing) Militaristic Identities in Language and Social Studies Textbooks in South Asia: The Case of Pakistan." Paper presented at the Eighth International Conference on Learning and Educational Media, Caen, Greece, 2005.

Naseem, Muhammad Ayaz. "Education, the State and Subject Constitution of Gendered Subjectivities in/through School Curricula in Pakistan: A Poststructuralist Analysis of Social Studies and Urdu Textbooks for Grades I-Viii." Doctoral dissertation, McGill University, 2004.

Nayyar, Abdul Hamid, and Ahmad Salim. "The Subtle Subversion: The State of Curricula and Textbooks in Pakistan." Islamabad: Sustainable Development Policy Institute (SDPI), 2005.

Nazeer, Maryam, Sayed Kazim Shah, and Zubia Sarwat. "Evaluation of Oxon English Textbook Used in Pakistan Public Schools for 6th & 7th Grade." Journal for the Study of English Linguistics 3, no. 1 (2015).

PCTB. "English 4." Lahore, Pakistan: Punjab Curriculum and Textbook Board, 2017.

———. "English 5." Lahore, Pakistan: Punjab Curriculum and Textbook Board, 2017.

———. "English 6." Lahore, Pakistan: Punjab Curriculum and Textbook Board, 2017.

———. "English 7." Lahore, Pakistan: Punjab Curriculum and Textbook Board, 2017.

———. "English 8." Lahore: Punjab Curriculum and Textbook Board, 2017.

Pennycook, Alastair. "Critical Pedagogy and Second Language Education." System 18 (1990): 303–14.

———. The Cultural Politics of English as an International Language. New York: Routledge, 2017.

Phillipson, Robert. Linguistic Imperialism. London: Oxford University Press, 1992.

Pingel, Falk. Unesco Guidebook on Textbook Research and Textbook Revision. 2nd ed. Braunschweig: Georg Eckert Institute for International Textbook Research, 2010.

Rahman, Tariq. "Language-Teaching and World View in Urdu

Medium Schools in Pakistan." Islamabad: Sustainable Development Policy Institute, 1999.

———. "Language and Ethnicity in Pakistan." Asian Survey 37, no. 9 (1998): 833-39.

———. Language and Politics in Pakistan. Karachi: Oxford Univesity Press, 1998.

———. "Language Policy and Localization in Pakistan: Proposal for a Paradigmatic Shift." Paper presented at the SCALLA Conference on Computational Linguistics, 2004.

———. Language, Education, and Culture. Oxford University Press Karachi, 1999.

———. Language, Religion and Identity in Pakistan: Language-Teaching in Pakistan Madrassas. International Centre for Ethnic Studies, 1998.

———. "Passports to Privilege: The English-Medium Schools in Pakistan." Peace and Democracy in South Asia 1, no. 1 (2005): 24-44.

Rehbein, Boike. "The Lao Academic Field." In Hybridising East and West, edited by Dominique Schirmer, Gernot Saalmann and Christl Kessler, 323-39. Berlin: Lit Verlag, 2006.

———. Society in Contemporary Laos: Capitalism, Habitus and Belief. New York: Routledge, 2017.

Richards, Jack C. Curriculum Development in Language Teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.

———. The Role of Textbooks in a Language Program. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2001.

Rind, Irfan Ahmed. "Gender Identities and Female Students’ Learning Experiences in Studying English as Second Language at a Pakistani University." Cogent Education 2, no. 1 (2015): 1115574.

Schreier, Margrit. "Chapter 12 Qualitative Content Analysis." In The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Data Analysis, edited by Uwe Flick, 170-83. London: SAGE, 2014.

Shah, Saira Farooq. "Gender Inclusion: A Neglected Aspect of the English Textbooks in Pakistan." International Journal of Social Sciences & Education 3, no. 1 (2012): 118-27.

Shah, Sayed Kazim, Mumtaz Ahmed, and Rashid Mahmood. "Representation of Target Culture in the Elt Textbooks in Pakistan: Evaluation of “ Oxford Progressive English" for Cultural Relevance." Journal of Education and Practice 5, no. 13 (2014): 89-101.

Shah, Syed Kazim, Shaista Hassan, and Wajiha Iqbal. "Evaluation of Text-Book as Curriculum: English for 6 and 7 Grades in Pakistan." IJELE 3, no. 2 (2015): 71.

Shah, Tariq. "An Exploration of Attitudes Towards the English Curriculum in Educational Establishments in Urban and Rural Pakistan." Master thesis, University of Glasgow, 2008.

STB. "My English Book 8." Jamshoro, Pakistan: Sindh Textbook Board, 2017.

Stemler, Steve. "An Overview of Content Analysis." Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation 7, no. 1 (2000): 17.

UNESCO. "Learning to Live Together:Education Policies and Reliaites in the Asia-Pacific." Banggkok: UNESCO Bangkok Office, 2014.

Whitty, Geoff. Sociology and School Knowledge: Curriculum Theory, Research and Politics. Routledge, 2017.

Widodo, Handoyo Puji, Marianne Rachel Perfecto, Le Van Canh, and Adcharawan Buripakdi. "Incorporating Cultural and Moral Values into Elt Materials in the Context of Southeast Asia (Sea)." In Situating Moral and Cultural Values in Elt Materials, edited by Handoyo Puji Widodo, Marianne Rachel Perfecto, Le Van Canh and Adcharawan Buripakdi, 1-14. Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2018.

Wodak, Ruth, Rudolf De Cillia, Martin Reisigl, and Karin Liebhart. Discursive Construction of National Identity. Translated by Angelika Hirsch, Richard Mitten and J. W. Unger. 2nd ed. Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press, 2009.

Yaqoob, Tahir M., and Shirin Zubairm. "Culture, Class and Power: A Critique of Pakistan English Language Textbooks." Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences (PJSS) 32, no. 2 (2012): 529-40.

Zain, Saidi, Zuraida Ahmad, Ahmad Faris Ismail, Machouche Salah, and Souad A Mohamad. "Development of Integrated Science Textbooks by Applying the Enrich Tool." Journal of Education and Social Sciences 5 (2016): 6-13.

Published
2020-06-24
How to Cite
Ashar Johnson Khokhar, and Dr. Yaar Muhammad. 2020. “Islamic Habitus in English Language Textbooks Produced by Boards in Pakistan”. Journal of Islamic Thought and Civilization 10 (1), 288-310. https://doi.org/10.32350/jitc.101.16.
Section
Articles