New Aesthetics: Narrating Muslim Female Heroes in Hollywood Films
Abstract
Abstract Views: 513
This study aims to explore the new aesthetics of Muslim female heroes in Hollywood films through the perspective of feminism. This research uses qualitative method, and data collection techniques are carried out through literature studies. The data for this study were collected from the Ms. Marvel film (2022) produced by the Marvel Cinematic Universe. The results of this study showed the following findings: first, Ms. Marvel presents a new narrative of Muslim women as heroes, which have never been portrayed in Western films; second, Kamala Khan, a Muslim hero, possesses superpowers that enable her to fly, make clouds, and stretch her body; third, Kamala Khan as a Muslim female hero saves people who need help; fourth, Ms. Marvel is a global market strategy to bring Muslims to the surface; and fifth, Islamic identity is depicted powerfully through symbols of the daily lives of devout Muslims, hijab, prayer, mosques, and Eid al-Fitr. Such depictions are able to embrace Muslim audiences who are spread across various countries in the world. This study is expected to contribute internationally to research on feminism in Hollywood films. Furthermore, the results of this study are expected to be considered as a new breakthrough in research on heroism that has so far been dominated by men and male perspectives.
Downloads
References
Aayeshah, Wajeehah. “Empowered and Strong: Muslim Female Community in Ms. Marvel.” In Superhero Bodies, edited by Wendy Haslem, Elizabeth MacFarlane, and Sarah Richardson, 59–73. New York: Routledge, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429022289-5
Adamson, Maria., and Elisabeth K. Kelan. "‘Female Heroes’: Celebrity Executives as Postfeminist Role Models.” British Journal of Management 30, no. 4 (2019): 981–996. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8551.12320 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8551.12320
Afifulloh, M. “Gender Construction in Original Netflix Films: A Representation Study.” Galactica Media: Journal of Media Studies 7, no. 1 (2025): 48–68, https://doi.org/10.46539/gmd.v7i1.529 DOI: https://doi.org/10.46539/gmd.v7i1.529
Ahmadi, Anas. “A Spiritual Journey of an Indonesian Woman: The Evidence through Literature from a Psychospiritual Perspective.” Cogent Arts and Humanities 10, no. 2 (2023): 221–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311983.2023.2270789 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23311983.2023.2270789
Ahmadi, Anas. “Masculinities to Trans-Femininities: Evidence Through The “Girl” Film.” Masculinities and Social Change 13, no. 1 (2024): 63–82, https://doi.org/10.17583/mcs.11837 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17583/mcs.11837
Ahmadi, Anas. “The Traces of Oppression and Trauma to Ethnic Minorities in Indonesia Who Experienced Rape on the 12 May 1998 Tragedy.” Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies 8, no. 2 (2021): 126–144. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejecs/744 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29333/ejecs/744
Ahmadi, Anas, Kamal Yusuf, Sharifah Fazliyaton, et al. “The Transformation of Islamic Identity Behind the Screen: Indonesian Horror Films, 1980-2020." Journal of Indonesian Islam 19, no. 1 (2025): 188–213. https://jiis.uinsby.ac.id/index.php/JIIs/article/view/30858 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15642/JIIS.2025.19.1.188-213
Akabli, J., and C. Chahdi. “Hollywood’s (mis) Construction of Gender: The Aesthetics and Politics of Stigmatising Arab/Muslim Women.” International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation 5, no. 8 (2022): 17–28. https://doi.org/10.32996/ijllt.2022.5.8.3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32996/ijllt.2022.5.8.3
Alhalal, Eman. “Strategies Used by Saudi Arabian Women to Respond to Intimate Partner Violence.” Journal of Family Violence (2025): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-025-00808-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-025-00808-1
Andreassen, Anja Borg. “Yes, We Khan: Diversity and De-Monsterization of Muslim Identities in 'Ms. Marvel'(2014–).” North Lit 42 (2019): 67–82. https://doi.org/10.7557/13.5005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7557/13.5005
Asghar, Muhammad, and Abdul Hamid Khan. “Disparagement of Islamic Femininity and the Pervasiveness of Racial Prejudice in Western Society: A Postcolonial Feminist Perspective of the Selected Narrative.” Shnakhat 3, no. 3 (2024): 499–512.
Beauvoir, Simon De. The Second Sex. London: Cape, 1949.
Bennion-Nixon, Lee-Jane. "We (Still) Need a Woman for the Job: The Warrior Woman, Feminism and Cinema in the Digital Age." Sense of Cinema. 2010. https://www.sensesofcinema.com/2010/feature-article/we-still-need-a-woman-for-the-job/.
Biskind, Peter. Easy Riders Raging Bulls: How the Sex-Drugs-And Rock 'N Roll Generation Saved. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2011.
Bowar, Kyra. “There is no Normal”: How Ms. Marvel Constitutes US American Citizenship Between Comics and Screen.” Master's thesis, Colorado State University, 2024.
Carli, Linda L. “Women Heroes.” In Encyclopedia of Heroism Studies, edited by Scott T. Allison, James K. Beggan, and George R. Goethals, 2239–2246. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-48129-1_151
Cooper-Cunningham, Dean. “Drawing Fear of Difference: Race, Gender, and National Identity in Ms. Marvel Comics.” Millennium 48, no. 2, (2020): 165–197. https://doi.org/10.1177/0305829819889 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0305829819889133
Dastidar, Sayantan Ghosh., and Caroline Elliott. “The Indian Film Industry in a Changing International Market.” Journal of Cultural Economics 44 (2020): 97–116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10824-019-09351-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10824-019-09351-6
Elabd, Arwa. “Ms. Marvel Substitutes Fears with Facts: Deconstructing Islamophobia.” Meditating and Mediating Change: State–Society–Religion (German: Landesdruckerei, 2020):109–122.
Fabricius, Charlotte Johanne. “The Size of the Fight in The Girl: Violent Girlhood in Ms. Marvel.” The Journal of Popular Culture 56, no. 5–6 (2023): 910–921. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpcu.13273 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jpcu.13273
Fatima, Saroosh. “Muslims in Movies: The Hollywood Construction.” Pakistan Journal of Society, Education and Language (PJSEL) 2, no. 1 (2016): 54–75. https://pjsel.jehanf.com/index.php/journal/article/view/104
Frech, Elena. “Gendered Exits: The Role of Parliamentarians, Parties and Voters in Women's Departure from The European Parliament.” European Union Politics 26, no 1 (2025): 145–166. https://doi.org/10.1177/1465116524130 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/14651165241300273
Fries, Maureen. “Female Heroes, Heroines, and Counter-Heroes: Images of Women in Arthurian Tradition.” In Arthurian Women, edited by Thelma S. Fenster and Norris J. Lacy, 59–73. New York: Routledge, 2015.
Galbraith, Patrick W., and Megan Catherine Rose. “Animated Femininities, Queer Discontent: An Interview with Colin Armistead and Phoebe Chan.” Journal of Femininities 1, no. 4 (2024): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1163/29501229-bja10001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/29501229-bja10001
González-Velázquez, Carlos Allende., Karen E. Shackleford, Lauren N. Keller, Cynthia Vinney, and Lawrence M. Drake. “Watching Black Panther with Racially Diverse Youth: Relationships Between Film Viewing, Ethnicity, Ethnic Identity, Empowerment, and Wellbeing.” Review of Communication 20, no. 3 (2020): 250–259. https://doi.org/10.1080/15358593.2020.1778067 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15358593.2020.1778067
Hoque, Morshadul and Md Kamal Uddin, “Climate Change and Adaptation Policies in South Asia: Addressing the Gender-Specific Needs of Women.” Local Environment (2025): 1–19, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87934-1_21 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2025.2456549
Hyunyoung Lee and Heywon Park. “A Study on the Muslim Women's Fashioning in Southeast Asia-Focus on Indonesia and Malaysia.” Journal of Fashion Business 24, no. 2 (2020): 85–99.
Irshad, Shaista. “Hegemonic Femininity: Negotiating the Stereotypes of Gender in the Indian Movies Fire (1996) and Shakuntala Devi (2020).” Media Watch 15, no. 3 (2024): 345–366. https://doi.org/10.1177/097609112311803 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/09760911231180343
Karimpaniyil, Roshan., and Pranamya Bhat. “Masculinities, Femininities, and The Patriarchal Family: A Reading of The Great Indian Kitchen.” Journal for Cultural Research 28, no. 1 (2024): 102–115, https://doi.org/10.1080/14797585.2023.2300071. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14797585.2023.2300071
Kent, Miriam. “Marvel Women: Femininity, Representation and Post-feminism in Films Based on Marvel Comics.” PhD diss., University of East Anglia, 2016.
Kent, Miriam. “Unveiling Marvels: Ms. Marvel and The Reception of The New Muslim Superheroine.” Feminist Media Studies 15, no. 3 (2015): 522–527. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2015.1031964. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2015.1031964
Khanum, Masroor., and Zafar Iqbal. “Hollywood Movies Stamping of Islam and Muslims: An Analysis of Representation.” Journal of Journalism, Media Science & Creative Arts 2, no. 2 (2022): 39–52, https://doi.org/10.56596/jjmsca.v2i2.27. DOI: https://doi.org/10.56596/jjmsca.v2i2.27
Khushbakht, Syeda Mehmoona. “The Aurat March (2018-2022) in the Context of Gendered-Islamophobia: A Case of Muslim Women's Identity in Pakistan.” Journal of Islamic Thought and Civilization 12, no. 2 (2022): 271–285, https://doi.org/10.32350/jitc.122.19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32350/jitc.122.19
Kim, Eun-mee. “Market Competition and Cultural Tensions Between Hollywood and The Korean Film Industry.” International Journal on Media Management 6, no. 3–4 (2004): 207–216, https://doi.org/10.1080/14241277.2004.9669403. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14241277.2004.9669403
Kim, Minjeong, and Rachelle J. Brunn-Bevel. “Hollywood's Global Expansion and Racialized Film Industry.” Humanity & Society 44, no. 1 (2020): 37–66, https://doi.org/10.1177/0160597619832. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0160597619832045
Küngerü, Ayhan. “The Demonization of Islam in Contemporary Hollywood Cinema.” In International Perspectives on Rethinking Evil in Film and Television. New York: IGI Global, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-4778-6.ch013
Lee, Moon-Haeng., and Eun-Kyoung Han. “Competition: Hollywood Versus Domestic Films: Release Strategies of Hollywood Films in South Korea.” International Journal on Media Management 8(3), (2006): 125–33, https://doi.org/10.1207/s14241250ijmm0803_3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/s14241250ijmm0803_3
Lermontov, Mikhail. A Hero of Our Time. Oxford University Press, 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780199652686.001.0001
Lu Zijie, Eric Tseng, and Zisheng Xu. “The Analysis of Marvel (Disney) Marketing Strategies.” In 2022 7th International Conference on Financial Innovation and Economic Development (ICFIED 2022). Atlantis Press, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.220307.317
Mains, Christine., Brad J. Ricca, Holly Hassel, and Lynda Rucker. “Heroes or Sheroes.” Women in Science Fiction and Fantasy 1 (2009): 179–190.
McGowan, David. Animated Personalities: Cartoon Characters and Stardom in American Theatrical Shorts. University of Texas Press, 2019.
McInerney, Kerry. “From Cyborg Irony to Oriental Fantasy: The Racial Limits of Cyborg Feminisms in Ex Machina and Ghost in the Shell.” Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 50, no. 2 (2025): 397–419. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/733017
Mernissi, Fatima. Women's Rebellion and Islamic Memory. London: Zed Books, 1996.
Merriam, Sharan B., and Robin S. Grenier, eds. Qualitative Research in Practice: Examples for Discussion and Analysis. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, 2019.
Miles, Matthew B. Qualitative Data Analysis: An Expanded Sourcebook. California: Thousand Oaks, 1994.
Moran, Albert, ed. Policy films. London: Routledge, 1996.
Morey, Peter, and Amina Yaqin. Framing Muslims: Stereotyping and Representation After 9/11. Harvard University Press, 2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674061149
Noureen, Abida, Shabana Nazar, and Nayyer Mustafa. “Historical Misrepresentation of Islam and Muslim: A Descriptive Review of Hollywood.” Pakistan Social Sciences Review 4, no. 2 (2020): 680–90. DOI: https://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)55
Pal Payel and Goutam Karmakar. “Masculinity, Media, and Public Image: Review of the Film An Action Hero.” Media Asia 51, no. 1 (2024): 167–173. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01296612.2023.2170053
Peng, Danyu. “The Marvel Universe's Character Partnerships-Reflecting on Cultural Diversity and Marketing Strategy.” Academic Journal of Humanities & Social Sciences 7, no. 1 (2024): 80–88. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25236/AJHSS.2024.070113
Pennell, Hillary., and Elizabeth Behm-Morawitz. “The Empowering (Super) Heroine? The Effects of Sexualized Female Characters in Superhero Films on Women.” Sex Roles 72 (2015): 211–220, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-015-0455-3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-015-0455-3
Peterson, Kristin M. “Beyond Fashion Tips and Hijab Tutorials.” Film Criticism 40, no. 2 (2016): 1–14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3998/fc.13761232.0040.203
Propp, Vladimir. “Study of the Folktale: Structure and History.” Dispositio 1, no. 3 (1976): 277–292.
Raglan, Lord. “The Heroes of Tradition.” Folklore 45, no. 3 (1934): 212–231. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0015587X.1934.9718559
Rank, Otto. “Myth of the Birth of the Hero.” The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 41, no. 2 (1914): 110–117. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-191402000-00005
Al-Rawi, Ahmed. “The Representation of September 11th and American Islamophobia in non-Western Cinema.” Media, War and Conflict 7, no. 2 (2014): 152–164, https://doi.org/10.1177/1750635214530 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1750635214530208
Redmond, Sean, and Liza Tsaliki. “Gender Studies Special Issue 'Emergent Femininities and Masculinities in the 21st Century Media and Popular Culture'.” Journal of Gender Studies (2025): 1–9, https://doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2025.2489578. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2025.2489578
Renard, John. Islam and the Heroic Image: Themes in Literature and the Visual Arts. Macon: Mercer University Press, 1999.
El-Saadawi, Nawal. The Hidden Face of Eve: Women in the Arab World. London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5040/9781350251076
Sadiq, Saba., Noshina Saleem, and Hanan Ahamad Mian. “Women Portrayal in Contemporary Pakistani Films.” Pakistan Social Sciences Review 9 no 1 (2025): 27–40, https://doi.org/10.35484/plhr.2025(9-I)03.
Said, Edward W. Orientalism. New York: Vintage Books, 1979.
Sameed, Syed Ajmal. “The New Woman: Women’s Resistance in Saudi Movies-An Analysis of Wadjda and The Perfect Candidate.” International Journal of English: Literature, Language and Skills, 13 no 4 (2025): 17–22.
Saunders, Robert A. “(Profitable) Imaginaries of Black Power: The Popular and Political Geographies of Black Panther.” Political Geography 69 (2019): 139–149. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2018.12.010
Schubart, Rikke. Super Bitches and Action Babes: The Female Hero in Popular Cinema, 1970-2006. London: McFarland, 2014.
Shaheen, Jack G. “Reel Bad Arabs: How Hollywood Vilifies a People.” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 1 (2003): 171–193, https://doi.org/10.1177/000271620358800101 . DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716203588001011
Story, Kaila Adia. “Black Dahlias–The Radical Black Femme and Black Feminist Traditions Within Black Studies.” Journal of Femininities 1, (2025): 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1163/29501229-bja10019 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/29501229-bja10019
Strömberg, Fredrik. “"Yo, Rag-Head!": Arab and Muslim Superheroes in American Comic Books After 9/11.” Amerikastudien/American Studies 56, no. 4 (2011): 573–601.
Su, Wendy. “Cultural Policy and Film Industry as Negotiation of Power: The Chinese State's Role and Strategies and its Engagement with Global Hollywood 1994–2012.” Pacific Affairs 87, no. 1 (2014): 93–114, http://www.jstor.org/stable/43590825. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5509/201487193
Sung, Kyoung-suk. “Heroic Princesses Across Cultural Horizons: A Comparative Analysis of Tomoe Gozen, Mulan, and Princess Bari Beyond Folklore.” In The Myriad Faces of Heroes and Heroines: Folkloric Tradition and Modern Contemporaries in Asia, edited by Julian Patrick Ward, Kelly Kar Yue Chan, and Chi Sum Garfield Lau, 53–70. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-8959-7_4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-8959-7_4
Tasker, Yvonne. Women Warriors: Gender, Sexuality and Hollywood's Fighting Heroines. London: Taylor and Francis, 2004.
Tisell, Heidi. “The Development in Hollywood's Gender Roles: Heroes and Heroines in Re-Interpretations of Women's Films, 1930-2000.” Master's thesis, University of Oslo, 2006.
Woodley, Baylee. “Medieval Femmes: Exploring Queer Femininities in the Visual Culture of Late Medieval England and France.” PhD diss., University of London, University College London (United Kingdom), 2025.
Worthen, Holly. “Migration, Racial Capitalism, and Indigenous Women: Re-Reading the Gendered and Racialized Histories of US/Mexican Migration.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 51, no. 1 (2025): 402–421. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2023.2295238 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2023.2295238
Yahiaoui, Rashid. “Fansubbing and The Perpetuation of Western Popular Culture's Gender and Racial Stereotypes in Arabic.” International Journal of Society, Culture and Language 10, no. 2 (2022): 1–11.
Yang, Kexin. “The Role of Values: A Study of Female Heroes in Chinese and American Movies.” Communications in Humanities Research 65 (2025): 16–21, https://doi.org/10.54254/2753-7064/2024.19776. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54254/2753-7064/2024.19776
Copyright (c) 2025 Anas Ahmadi

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) 4.0 License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work’s authorship and initial publication in this journal.

