A Comparative Study of the Personality Formulates of Ghazali and Freud

Hanna-e-Kalbi; Dr. Tahira Basharat

doi:10.32350/jitc.102.13

Hanna-e-Kalbi Assistant Professor, Institute of Islamic Perspective (IIPG), University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
Dr. Tahira Basharat Professor, Chairperson, Department of Islamic Thought and Civilization, University of Management and Technology, Lahore

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32350/jitc.102.13

Keywords: Id, ego and super-ego, nafs, nafs ammara, nafs lawwama, nafs mutma'inna, Qur’ān, Sunnah

Abstract

Abstract Views: 868

This research is a comparative study of the types of nafs and the types of personality described by Ghazali and Freud, respectively. Types of personality described by Ghazali are al-nafs al-ammara, al-nafs al-lawwama and al-nafs al-mutma'inna. The types of personality according to Freud are id, ego and super-ego. Other faculties that help in training or shaping the types of nafs are rooh (soul), qalb (heart), and aql (mind). They also play a vital role in the functioning of id, ego and super-ego.

This article defines the above mentioned types of personality presented by both Ghazali and Freud. It also discusses their functions encompassing their differences and similarities and strives to find out if they complement each other. It was found that there is much similarity in both types of personality formulates. Id and nafs ammarah are the same, while nafs lawwama was found to be comprising both ego and super-ego. However, the concept of nafs mutma’innah is found only in Islamic theology.

Thematic and comparative study methods of qualitative research were used in this research. This is a literature based study. Ghazali’s study is based on the Qur’an and Sunnah. Hence, Ihya’ ‘Uloom-id-Deen and The Ego and The ID remain the major sources of this study.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Ahmad, Anis. “The Role of Values in Social Change: An Analysis from the Qur’ānic Perspective,” Al-Milal Journal of Religion and Thought 2 no. 1 (2020): 1- 36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.46600/almilal.v2i1.70

al-Balkhi, A. Sustenance of the Soul: The Cognitive Behavior Therapy of a Ninth Century Physician. London: The International Institute of Islamic Thought, 2013.

al-Ghazali, Abu Hamid Muhammad. Kīmiyā-e-Sa’ādat. Translated by Muhammad Asim Bilal, Lahore: Kazi Publications, 2001.

al-Ghazali, Abu Hamid Muhammad. Chemiya-e-Sa’adat. Translated by Fakhar-ud-Din Ahmad Siddiqui, Lahore: Shan-e-Islam. n.d.

—. Ihya Uloom-ud-Deen, vol. 3. Karachi: Darul Ishaat 1993.

—. Ihya Uloom-ud-Deen, vol. 3. Qahira: Dār-ul-Āfāq 2004. http://ghazali.org/ihya/arabic/printed/iud-tamer-003.pdf.

Ali. A. Yousuf, The Holy Qur’ān: Text, Translation and Commentary. USA: Amana Corp., 1983.

Boozer, Jack. “Religion, the Id, and the Superego.” Journal of Bible and Religion, 28, no. 3 (1960): 323-328. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jaarel/XXVIII.3.323

Cherry, Kendra. The Psychology of Personality Formation, https://www.verywellmind.com/personality-development-2795425, Accessed: 24th April, 2019.

Dunne, C. Carl Jung: Wounded Healer of the Soul. An Illustrated Biography. NY: Continuum International Publishing Group. 2002.

Esposito, J. L. Islam: The Straight Path. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.

Freud, Sigmund. The Ego and the Id. USA: Pacific Publishing Studio. 1923/2010.

—. The Future of an Illusion. USA: Pacific Publishing Studio. 1927/2010.

—. The Ego and the ID. 1923. Free EBOOK at www.SigmundFreud. Net. Accessed: 20-4-2019.

Hahnemann, Samuel. Organon of the Healing Art VI ed. 9. 1843.

Haque, Amber. “Psychology and Religion: Their Relationship and Integration from an Islamic Perspective.” The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 15, no.4 (1998): 97-116. DOI: https://doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v15i4.2143

—. “Psychology from Islamic Perspective: Contributions of Early Muslim Scholars and Challenges to Contemporary Muslim Psychologists.” Journal of Religion and Health 43 (2004): 357-377. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-004-4302-z

—. “Religion and Mental Health: The Case of American Muslims.” Journal of Religion and Health 43, no. 1 (2004): 45-58. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JORH.0000009755.25256.71

Haque, Munawar. Purification of the Soul (Tazkiat un-Nafs) - Feb 21, 2014 , KHUTBA, Published: 22 April 2015.

Herberg, Will. The Study of Man: Freud, Religion and Social Reality, https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/will-herberg/the-study-of-man-freud-religion-and-social-reality/. Accessed: July 2020.

Iqbal, Muhammad. “Introduction” in Secrets of the Self, www.allamaibal.com/works/poetry/persian/translation/01secretsoftheself.pdf. Accessed: 29th April, 2019.

Jung, C. G. The Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious. Collected Works of C.G. Jung Vol.9, Part 1. Belington: Princeton University Press. 1981.

—. Psychology and Religion. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. 1938.

Kamaluddin, Mufti. Understanding the Three Types of Nafs, http://www.zaynabacademy.org/understanding-the-three-types-of-nafs/. Access Date: 09-11-2019

Kemal, R. and S. Kemal, “Shah Waliullah.” Edited by H. Nasr and O. Leaman, History of Islamic Philosophy, 663-70. London: Routledge, 1996. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003070733-44

Leahey, Thomas Hardy. A History of Psychology: From Antiquity to Modernity, NY: Routledge, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315624273

McCraty, Rollin. The Scientific Role of the Heart in Learning and Performance, Institute of HeartMath. 2003.

McLeod, Saul. Id, Ego and Superego, 2019. https://www.simplypsychology.org/psyche.html. Accessed: 20-06-2019.

Miller, W. R., C. E. Thoresen. “Spirituality, Religion, and Health.” American Psychologist 58, (2003): 24-35. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.58.1.24

Pargament, K. I. Spirituality Integrated Psychotherapy: Understanding and Addressing the Sacred. New York: Guilford Press. 2007.

Pargament, K. I. The Psychology of Religion and Coping. New York: The Guilford Press. 1997.

Shakry, Omnia El. The Arabic Freud: Psychoanalysis and Islam in Modern Egypt. Prinecton: Princeton University Press, 2017. DOI: 10.2307/j.ctt1vwmgk4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1vwmgk4

Smither, R., and A. Khorsandi, “The Implicit Personality Theory of Islam.” Psychology of Religion and Spirituality 1 (2009): 81-96. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015737

Sulaiman, Adibah., Ezad Azraai Jamsari and Noorsafuan Noh. “Islamic Environment in Child Development According to the Views of Imam al-Ghazali.” Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 5 (2014): 33-39.

Watt, Montgomery. Faith and Practice of Al-Ghazali. London: George Allen and Unwin Ltd. 1952.