A Necessity of A Special Jurisprudence "Ijtihad” for Muslim Minorities; Foundations for Positive Integration and Preservation of Islamic Identity

Naser Eddeen Al- Shaer; Man Baker; Amina A. Alaouni; Abdallah Abu Wahdan; Sulaiman Alkaabi

doi:10.32350/jitc.162.09

Authors

Naser Eddeen Al- Shaer An-Najah National University , Palestine https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0731-976X
Man Baker An-Najah National University , Palestine https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4880-6666
Amina A. Alaouni Palestinian Land Authority, Palestine https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7500-9709
Abdallah Abu Wahdan An-Najah National University , Palestine https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2203-5319
Sulaiman Alkaabi Sohar University , Oman https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5944-9942

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.32350/jitc.162.09

Keywords:

civic engagement, contemporary Fiqh, Fiqh al-Wāqi, Fiqh for Muslim minorities, identity preservation, ijtihād, Islamic legal theory, maqāṣid al-Sharia, minority jurisprudence, Muslim minorities

Abstract

The current study aimed to deal with the concept of Fiqh al-Aqalliyyāt al-Muslimah (Islamic jurisprudence for Muslim minorities), treating issues related to its theory, the views of prominent Muslim jurists, the Fiqh academies, Islamic centers, and similar institutions around the world. The study highlighted the need for a separate branch of Fiqh to deal with the issues of Muslims living as minorities in non-Muslim societies, connecting the new development to the roots of Islamic law. Additionally, the study showed that this Fiqh draws strongly on the classical foundations of Islamic law, taking into consideration the elements of necessity, public interest, weighing competing considerations, and the maqāṣid (the higher objectives) of Shariah, in dealing with new realities. It explained how this Fiqh enables Muslims living as minorities to contribute positively to society while retaining their Islamic identities. The results highlight the various solutions to challenges facing Muslim minorities, not addressed in classical Fiqh. The study also treats the methodological framework for the practice provided by Fiqh al-Wāqiʿ (jurisprudence of reality), which reflects the call to ijtihād within the context of reality as it exists.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

0

References

ʿAbd al-Majīd, ʿAbd al-Majīd Qāsim. “Fiqh al-Nawāzil wa-Fiqh al-Wāqiʿ: Muqārabat al-Ḍawābiṭ wa-l-Shurūṭ [The Jurisprudence of New Cases and the Jurisprudence of Reality: An Approach to the Principles and Conditions].” Paper presented at the conference Al-Fatwā wa-Istishrāf al-Mustaqbal [Fatwa and Anticipating the Future]. Libya, 2009. https://feqhup.com/uploads/142778959522451.pdf.

Adam, Munā Abdullah Mohammad. “Ḍawābiṭ al-Fiqh al-Aqalliyyāt [Guidelines for Islamic Jurisprudence concerning Muslim Minorities],”Journal of Islamic Research 2, no. 8 (2016): 9–34. http://search.mandumah.com/Record/748995.

Adegoke, K. A. "Fiqh Al-Aqalliyyah and Muslim Minorities in a Non-Muslim Community." Jurnal Syariah 29, no. 1 (2021). University of Malaya.

Al-ʿAjal, Bashār Ḥusayn. “Taʿāmul al-Aqalliyyāt maʿa al-Bunūk al-Ribawiyyah bayna al-Mujīzīn wa-l-Māniʿīn: Dirāsah Taḥlīliyyah Taʾṣīliyyah Muqāranah [Muslim Minorities’ Dealings with Usurious Banks Between the Permissive and the Prohibitive Opinions].” Mujalla al-Baḥth al-ʿIlmī al-Islāmī 12, no. 27 (2017): 97–133. http://search.mandumah.com/Record/821732.

Al-ʿAlwānī, Ṭāhā Jābir. “Madkhal ilā Fiqh al-Aqalliyyāt: Naẓarāt Taʾsīsiyyah [Introduction to the Jurisprudence of Muslim Minorities: Foundational Insights].” Islāmiyyat al-Maʿrifah 5, no. 19 (1999): 9–29. https://doi.org/10.35632/citj.v5i19.1775.

Al-ʿAlwānī. Ṭāhā Jābir, Towards a Fiqh for Minorities: Some Basic Reflections. Translated by Ashur A. Shamis. International Institute of Islamic Thought, 2003.

Al-ʿAmrānī, Muḥammad al-Kaddī. Fiqh al-Asrah al-Muslimah fī al-Mahājir: Hūlandā Namūdhajan [Jurisprudence of the Muslim Family in the Diaspora]. Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, 2001. http://www.al-ilmiyah.com/files/bookpage/9782745133748.html.

Al-ʿArabī, Hishām Yusrī Muḥammad. “Nawāzil al-Aḥwāl al-Shakhṣiyyah fī Fiqh al-Aqalliyyāt [Contemporary Personal Status Issues in the Fiqh of Minorities].” Majallat al-Mudawwanah 2, no. 6 (2015): 114–160. http://search.mandumah.com/Record/1006513.

ʿArabāwī, Fāṭimah. Waḍʿ Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah fī Fiqh al-Aqalliyyāt al-Muslimah [Placing the Objectives of Sharia in the Jurisprudence of Muslim Minorities]. Algeria: University of Lakhdar (Master's Thesis), 2020.

Arafa, Mohsen Mubarak Abdel-Azim. “Dawr al-Marākiz al-Islāmiyyah fī Īṭālyā fī al-Daʿwah [The Role of Islamic Centres in Italy in Daʿwah].” PhD diss., International Islamic University for Sharia and Human Studies, 2015. https://www.google.com/search?q=https://www.alukah.net/sharia/0/91006/.

Arīj, Bandar. Qawāʿid al-Maṣlaḥah wa Taṭbīqātuhā fī Nawazil al-Aqalliyyāt [The Principles of Public Interest and Their Application to Contemporary Issues of Minorities]. Makkah: Umm al-Qura University, 2017.

ʿAtiyyah, Jamāl al-Dīn. Naḥwa Fiqh Jadīd lil-Aqalliyyāt [Towards a New Jurisprudence for Minorities]. Cairo: Dār al-Salām, 2003.

Al-ʿAwda, Sulaymān b. Fahad. “Fiqh al-Aqalliyyāt al-Muslimah.” YouTube video, 1:11:53. September 23, 2009. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BD54y1Hhxfw.

Al-Barāzī, Muḥammad Fuʾād. “Athar al-Ḍarūrah wa al-Ḥājah wa ʿUmūm al-Balwā fīmā Yaḥillu wa Yaḥrumu min al-Mihan wa al-Waẓāʾif Khārij Dīyār al-Islām [The Effect of Necessity, Need, and Widespread Affliction Beyond the Abode of Islam].” Paper presented at the Fifth Conference of the Assembly of Muslim Jurists of America, Assembly of Muslim Jurists of America, 2007.

Al-Bashārī, Muḥammad. Al-Madkhal ilā Taʾsīs Fiqh al-Aqalliyyāt al-Muslimah [Introduction to the Establishment of a Jurisprudence for Muslim Minorities]. YouTube, 2024. https://n9.cl/rrgo6o

Al-Bayānūnī, Muḥammad Abū al-Fatḥ. “Al-Uṣūl al-Sharʿiyyah lil-ʿAlāqāt bayna al-Muslimīn wa-Ghayrihim fī al-Mujtamaʿāt Ghayr al-Muslimah. [The Islamic legal principles governing relations between Muslims and non-Muslims in non-Muslim societies]” Majallat Jāmiʿat al-Imām Muḥammad ibn Saʿūd al-Islāmiyyah, no. 6 (1992): 143–169. http://search.mandumah.com/Record/21240.

Bayhī, Saʿīd ibn Muḥammad. Al-Taʾṣīl al-Sharʿī li-Mafhūm Fiqh al-Wāqiʿ [The Legal Foundation of the Concept of the Jurisprudence of Reality]. 2nd ed. Al-Dār al-ʿĀlamiyyah, 2005. https://feqhup.com/uploads/145072218029631.pdf?utm.

Bin Bayyah, Shaykh ʿAbd Allāh. Ṣināʿat al-Fatwā wa Fiqh al-Aqalliyyāt [The Craft of Fatwa and the Jurisprudence of Minorities], 3rd ed. (Markaz Al-Muwatta, 2018).

Al-Buṣaylī, Jibrīl Ibn Muḥammad Ibn Ḥasan. “Athar Qāʿidat al-Ḍarūrāt Tubīḥ al-Maḥẓūrāt fī Dirāsat al-Qaḍāyā al-Fiqhiyyah al-Muʿāṣirah [The Impact of the Maxim “Necessities Permit the Prohibited” in the Study of Contemporary Juristic Issues].” In Proceedings of the Symposium “Naḥwa Manhaj ʿIlmī Aṣīl li-Dirāsat al-Qaḍāyā al-Fiqhiyyah al-Muʿāṣirah”, vol. 3. Center of Research Excellence in Contemporary Jurisprudence, Imam Muhammad ibn Saud Islamic University, 2010. http://search.mandumah.com/Record/948354.

Al-Būṭī, Muḥammad Saʿīd Ramaḍān. “Tārīkh al-Tashrīʿ al-Islāmī [The History of Islamic Legislation].” Posted March 22, 2014, by Al-Imam Al-Shaheed Al-Buti Channel. Youtube, 44:53. https://youtu.be/lM88GEonHaI?si=ld-7C3qUvdnQptxN.

Būkhashbah, Narīmān. “Aḥkām al-Muʿāmalāt al-Māliyyah lil-Aqalliyyāt al-Muslimah [Financial Transactions Regulations of Muslim].” (Master’s Thesis, University of Eloued 2018), 1–101. https://archives.univ-eloued.dz/handle/123456789/2619.

Al-Darwīsh, Ṣāliḥ ibn ʿAbd Allāh. “Athar al-Ḍarūrah wa-l-Ḥājah ʿalā Aḥkām Mumārasat al-Aqalliyyāt al-Muslimah lil-Aʿmāl al-Tāliyah: al-Muḥāsabah, al-Maṣārif, al-Waẓāʾif al-ʿĀmmah (ka-l-Qaḍāʾ wa-l-Niyābah wa-l-Muḥāmāh) [The Impact of Necessity and Need on the Legal Rulings Governing Muslim Minorities’ Practice of the Following Professions: Accounting, Banking, and Public Positions (such as the Judiciary, Prosecution, and Legal Practice)].” Paper presented at the Fifth Annual Conference of the Assembly of Muslim Jurists of America, Manama, Bahrain, November 2007.

Al-Dedew, Muḥammad. Fiqh al-Aqalliyyāt al-Muslimah [Jurisprudence of Muslim Minorities]. https://n9.cl/cf7ca

European Council for Fatwa and Research. “The Twelfth Ordinary Session of the European Council for Fatwa and Research.” Fatwa 12/4. December 31, 2003–January 4, 2004. https://www.e-cfr.org/blog/2017/11/04/twelfth-ordinary-session-european-council-fatwa-research/

Ghazi, Mahmood Ahmad. "Islamic Shari'ah and the Question of Minorities." Policy Perspectives 6, no. 1 (2009): 63–77. https://www.ips.org.pk/islamic-shariah-and-the-question-of-minorities/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=820&Itemid=177.

Ḥalāwah, Ḥusayn. Fiqh al-Aqallīyāt 'ind al-Shaykh al-Qaraḍāwī. European Council for Fatwa and Research (ECFR), 2007. https://ebook.univeyes.com/120714.

Ḥamdāwī, Jamīl. “Fiqh al-Aqalliyyāt aw Fiqh al-Taʿāruf” [Fiqh of Minorities or Jurisprudence of Mutual Recognition]. Mujallat al-Buḥūth al-Islāmiyyah, no. 2 (2015): 153 –168. https://search.mandumah.com/Record/702910.

Ḥammādī, ʿAbd al-Jalīl Awlad. “Tafʿīl Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah al-Islāmiyyah fī Nawāzil al-Muʿāmalāt al-Māliyyah ladā al-Aqalliyyāt al-Muslimah bi-al-Gharb: Arḍ wa-Taḥlīl li-Namādhij Mukhtārah min Fatāwā al-Majlis al-Urūbī li-l-Iftāʾ wa-l-Buḥūth [Activating the Objectives of Islamic Sharia in Contemporary Financial Transactions of Muslim Minorities in the West: Presentation and Analysis of Selected Fatwas of the European Council for Fatwa and Research].” Paper presented at the Contemporary Jurisprudential Reasoning and the Objectives of Islamic Law, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Tlemcen, October 2018. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361801061.

Haq, Husnul. Al-Taysīr fī Fiqh al-Aqalliyyāt al-Muslimah ʿinda al-Shaykh Yūsuf al-Qaraḍāwī [Facilitation in the Fiqh of Muslim Minorities According to Shaykh Yūsuf al-Qaraḍāwī]. Purwokerto: LPPM IAIN Purwokerto, 2016. https://repository.uinsaizu.ac.id/4452/?utm.com.

Al-Ḥassanī, Ismāʿīl. “Qirāʾah fī Binyat Fiqh al-Aqalliyyāt [A reading of the structure of minority jurisprudence]” Al-Fikr Al-islāmī Al-muʿāṣir [Contemporary Islamic Thought] 8, no. 30 (2002), 19–144. https://doi.org/10.35632/citj.v8i30.1525.

Al-Ḥusnī, Taqī al-Dīn Abū Bakr ibn Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Muʾmin. Al-Qawāʿid [The Book of Legal Maxims]. Edited by ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn ʿAbd Allāh al-Shaʿlān and Jibrīl ibn Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan al-Buṣaylī. 4 vols. 1st ed. Riyadh: Maktabat al-Rushd, 1997. https://archive.org/details/01-34997/00_34997/.

Ibn ʿĀbidīn, Muḥammad Amīn ibn ʿUmar ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz. Majmūʿat Rasāʾil Ibn ʿĀbidīn [Collected Epistles of Ibn ʿĀbidīn]. Vol 2. Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1980.

Ibn Mūsā, Amānī. Qāʿidat al-Ḍarūrāt Tubīḥ al-Maḥẓūrāt [The Maxim: Necessities Permit the Prohibited]. Al-Azhar University, 2018.

Ikkīj, Muḥammad. “Taqāḍī al-Aqalliyyāt al-Muslimah amāma Qaḍāʾ Ghayr al-Muslimīn [Muslim Minorities litigating before non-Muslim courts and submitting to their rulings].” Al-Manẓūmah: Journal of Jurisprudence and Law, no. 61 (2017), 36–43. http://search.mandumah.com/Record/847537.

International Islamic Fiqh Academy. “Resolution No. 19 (7/3): Iḥrām for Pilgrims arriving by Air or by Sea for Ḥajj and ʿUmrah.” In Resolutions and Recommendations of the International Islamic Fiqh Academy: Sessions 1–25, Resolutions 1–255 (1405–1444 H / 1984–2023 G), 3rd ed., 45–48. International Islamic Fiqh Academy, 2024. https://iifa-aifi.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/IIFA-Resolutions-2024.pdf.

International Islamic Fiqh Academy. “Human Milk Banks.” Resolution No. 6 (6/2). Adopted at the Academy’s 2nd Session, December 28, 1985. https://iifa-aifi.org/en/32213.html.

International Islamic Fiqh Academy, “Financial Markets (Shares, Options, Commodities, and Credit Cards),” Resolution No. 63 (1/7). Adopted at the Academy’s 7th Session, May 14, 1992. https://iifa-aifi.org/en/32438.html.

The International Islamic Fiqh Academy, “Unification of the Beginning of Lunar Months,” Resolution No. 18 (6/3), Adopted at the Academy’s 3rd Session, October 16, 1986. https://iifa-aifi.org/en/32260.html.

Jastanih, Ḥanān bint Muḥammad bint Ḥusayn. “Iʿtibār Maʾālāt al-Afʿāl fī Fiqh al-Aqalliyyāt Taʾṣīlan wa-Taṭbīqan. [Considering the consequences of actions in the jurisprudence of minorities, both theoretically and practically]” Majallat Kulliyyat Dār al-ʿUlūm, no. 127 (2019): 973–1061. http://search.mandumah.com/Record/1121627.

Al-Jubūrī, ʿAbd Allāh. Al-Aqalliyyāt al-Muslimah wa Taghayyur al-Fatwā [Muslim Minorities and the Changing Nature of Fatwas]. Dār al-Kutub, 2015. https://ebook.univeyes.com/125624.

Al-Kamālī, Al-Shaykh Saʿīd. "Fiqh al-Aqalliyyāt al-Muslimah," Mohammed Amine Elgalai, Apr 20, 2019, YouTube video, 58:11. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5BHxwO0InAk.

Kamali, Mohammad Hashim, and Ahmad Badri Abdullah. “The Fiqh Al-Aqalliyāt (Jurisprudence of Minorities) in light of the higher objectives (Maqāsid) of Shariah.” Islam and Civilisational Renewal 6, no. 1 (2015): 114–117. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55414250.

Kattūʿ, Muḥammad Turkī. Qāʿidat lā Yunkar Taghayyur al-Aḥkām bi-Taghayyur al-Azmān [The Maxim: Legal Rulings Do Not Remain Unchanged When Times Change]. Al-Manẓūmah: Journal of Heritage, 2015.

Khalīl, Muḥammad Ismāʿīl. “Fiqh al-Aqalliyyāt al-Muslimah fī Ibāʾ al-Zawj al-Islām” [The Jurisprudence of Muslim Minorities regarding a Husband’s refusal to accept Islam].” Majallat al-Fiqh wa al-Qānūn, no. 73 (2018): 52–68. http://search.mandumah.com/Record/932191.

Al-Khayr, Nādyah. Al-Ijtihād al-Maqāṣidī fī Fikr Yūsuf al-Qaraḍāwī [Maqāṣid-based Ijtihād in the Thought of Yūsuf al-Qaraḍāwī]. Algeria: University of Batna, 2019.

Lūḥ, Muḥammad Ahmad. “Fiqh al-Aqalliyyāt: Taʾṣīl wa-Tawjīh [Minority Jurisprudence: Foundations and Guidance],” Al-Forqan Magazine, December 13, 2010. https://al-forqan.net%20article/.

Al-Mawlawī, Fayṣal. Al-Muslim Muwāṭinan fī Urūbbā [The Muslim as a Citizen in Europe]. Kuwait: International Union of Muslim Scholars, 2008.

Al-Mīsāwī, Muḥammad al-Ṭāhir. “Fiqh al-Aqalliyyāt fī Ḍawʾ Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah: Tamayyuz wa-Indimāj [Minority Jurisprudence in Light of the Objectives of Sharia: Distinction and Integration].” At-Tajdid – Intelectual Refereed Journal 14, no. 27 (2010): 233–37. https://doi.org/10.31436/attajdid.v14i27.161.

Mubārakī, Nūr al-Dīn. “Iʿtibār al-Maqāṣid fī Fiqh al-Aqalliyyāt al-Muslimah fī Masāʾil al-Ijtihād [Considering the Objectives in the Jurisprudence of Muslim Minorities in Ijtihad Matters]” PhD diss., Universty Of El-oued, 2024. https://archives.univ-eloued.dz/handle/123456789/37947.

Mubārakī, Nūr al-Dīn, and ʿAbd al-Karīm Boū Ghazālah. “Al-Ḍarūrah al-Sharʿiyyah wa Taṭbīqātuhā al-Muʿāṣirah ʿalā Fiqh al-Aqalliyyāt al-Muslimah: Aḥkām al-Muʿāmalāt Anmūdhajan [Legal Necessity and Its Contemporary Applications in the Jurisprudence of Muslim Minorities: Transactions as a Model].” al-Iḥyāʾ 21, no. 28 (2021): 495–510.

Muḥammad, Anwar Yassin. “Al-Qawāʿid al-Fiqhiyyah al-Ḥākimah li-Fiqh al-Aqalliyyāt [The Legal Maxims Governing the Jurisprudence of Minorities].” Fiqh of Life (blog), March 6, 2015. https://fiqhoflife.wordpress.com/2015/03/06/154/.

Al-Najjār, ʿAbd al-Majīd. Naḥwa Taʾṣīl Fiqhī lil-Aqalliyyāt al-Muslimah [Towards a Theoretical Foundation of the Jurisprudence for Muslim Minorities]. Feqhweb, 2007. https://shorturl.at/ZyB2U

Al-Qaraḍāwī, Yūsuf. “Qaḍāyā al-Jālīyāt al-Islāmīyah [Issues of Islamic Communities].” Interview by Māhir ʿAbd Allāh. Al-Sharīʿah wa al-Ḥayāh [Sharia and Life]. Al Jazeera, May 2, 1999. https://www.aljazeera.net/programs/shareeaandlife/1999/5/2.

Al-Qaraḍāwī, Yūsuf. Fī Fiqh al-Aqalliyyāt al-Muslimah: Ḥayāt al-Muslimīn wasaṭ al-Mujtamaʿāt al-Ukh¬rā [On the Jurisprudence of Muslim Minorities: The Life of Muslims in the Other Societies]. Dār ul-Shurūq, 2001.

Al-Qaraḍāwī, Yūsuf. Khiṭābunā al-Islāmī fī ʿAṣr al-ʿAwlamah [Our Islamic Discourse in the Age of Globalization]. Dār al-Shurūq, 2004. https://qaradawibooks.com/dwPdf-10?utm.com.

Al-Qinnawjī, Abū al-Ṭayyib Muḥammad Ṣiddīq Khān ibn Ḥasan ibn ʿAlī ibn Luṭf Allāh al-Ḥusaynī al-Bukhārī. Abjad al-ʿUlūm: al-Washī al-Marqūm fī Bayān Aḥwāl al-ʿUlūm [The Alphabet of Sciences: An Account of the Conditions of the Sciences]. 1st ed. Dār Ibn Ḥazm, 2002. https://ablibrary.net/books/13752?page=179&tab-id=2&page-label=179.

Raḥāibī, Ḥabībah. Uṣūl wa Qawāʿid Fiqh al-Aqalliyyāt [Principles and Rules of the Jurisprudence of Minorities]. Emir Abdelkader University, 2020-2021.

Ṣabrī, Masʿūd. Fatāwā Lajnat al-Fatwā bi-al-Azhar [Fatwas of the Fatwa Committee at al-Azhar Mosque]. Cairo: Dār al-Baīr 2012.

Ṣāliḥ, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān. Al-Qawāʿid al-Fiqhiyyah al-Mushirah ilā Mafhūm al-Taysīr [Legal Maxims and Juristic Principles Reflecting the Concept of Ease]. Al-Manẓūmah: Journal of Sharia and Law, 2019.

Ṣawwāṭ, Muḥammad. “Al-Balwā al-ʿĀmmah wa Atharuhā fī al-Nawāzil al-Siyāsiyyah [General Affliction and Its Impact on Political Contemporary Issues].” Al-Manẓūmah Journal (2016).

Al-Shāʿir, Nāṣir al-Dīn Muhammad, and Muḥammad Ragheb Al-Jīṭān. “Fiqh al-Aqalliyyāt al-Muslimah inda al-ʿAllāmah Yūsuf al-Qaraḍāwī: Malāmiḥ wa-Murtakazāt [Minority Jurisprudence According to the Scholar Yūsuf al-Qaraḍāwī: Features and Foundations].” Rawāfid li-l-Buḥūth wa-l-Dirāsāt 9, no. 1 (2024): 47–100.

Shaybān, Muḥammad ʿAbd Allāh ʿAbduh. “Al-Qawāʿid al-Akthar Iltiṣāqan bi-Fiqh al-Aqalliyyāt: Dirāsah wa-Taṭbīqan ʿalā Wāqiʿ al-Aqalliyyāt al-Muslimah [The Legal Maxims Most Closely Related to the Fiqh of Muslim Minorities: A Study and Application to the Reality of Muslim Minorities].” PhD diss., University of Omdurman Islamic University, 2009. https://search.emarefa.net/detail/BIM-348108.

Al-Shaykhī, Sālim Abd-al-Salam. Al-Aqalliyyāt al-Muslimah wa-Taghayyur al-Fatwā: Awrubbā Namūdhajan [Muslim Minorities and the Changing Nature of Fatwas: Europe as a Model]. European Council for Fatwa and Research, 2016. https://ebook.univeyes.com/125625.

Al-Shuwayyah, Saʿīd. “Maqāṣidiyyat Qawāʿid Fiqh al-Mahjar min Khilāl Qarārāt wa Fatāwā al-Majlis al-Ūrūbī lil-Iftāʾ wa al-Buḥūth wa Fatāwā al-Jāliyah” [The Maqāṣid-Based Principles of Fiqh for Migrants through the Decisions and Fatwas of the European Council for Fatwa and Research and the Fatwas of the Muslim Community].” Eddakhira Journal for Researchs and Islamic Studies 4, no. 1 (2020): 183–218. https://asjp.cerist.dz/en/article/166248.

Al-Sūdāy, Aḥmad. Takyīf al-Aḥkām al-Fiqhiyyah ʿalā Mabdaʾ al-Taysīr [Forming Juristic Rulings based on the Principle of Facilitation]. Sudan: Quran University, 2014.

Al-Sulamī, ʿIyāḍ ibn Nāmī. “Fiqh al-Aqalliyyāt al-Muslimah: Mafhūmuhu wa-Khaṣāʾiṣuhu [The Jurisprudence of Muslim Minorities: Its Concept and Characteristics].” Majallat al-Buḥūth al-Islāmiyyah, no. 121 (2020): 22–29. http://search.mandumah.com/Record/1078378.

Sulaymān, Maḥmūd Sayyid Aḥmad Ibrāhīm. “Fiqh Ḥuqūq al-Aqalliyyāt al-Muslimah wa-Asbāb al-ʿInāyah Bihā [Jurisprudence of the Rights of Muslim Minorities and the Reasons for Caring for Them].” Majallat al-ʿUlūm al-Insāniyyah wa-al-Ijtimāʿiyyah 1, no. 1 (2017): 148–161. https://search.mandumah.com/Record/818950/Details.

Sultan, Salah al-Din. “Al-Ḍawābiṭ al-Manhajiyyah lil-Fiqh al-Aqalliyyāt al-Muslimah [Methodological Principles of the Jurisprudence for Muslim Minorities].” Paper presented at the session of the European Council for Fatwa and Research, Dublin. Accessed October 29, 2024. https://n9.cl/p0a73.

Thiam, Abdoul Samba Abdoul. “Athar al-Qawāʿid al-Fiqhiyyah fī Nawāzil al-Aqalliyyāt al-Muslimah.[The Effect of Legal Maxims on Contemporary Issues of al-Aqalliyyāt al-Muslimah]” MA thesis, Umm al-Qura University, 2015. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310517957_athr_alqwad_alfqhyt_fy_nwazl_alaqlyat_almslmt.

Tobolyāk, Sulaymān. Al-Aḥkām al-Siyāsiyyah lil-Aqalliyyāt al-Muslimah [Political Rulings Concerning Muslim Minorities]. Beirut: Dār al-Bayāriq, 1997.

The World Muslim Communities Council. “Mubāshar | Muḥāḍarah Ramaḍānīyah bi-ʿUnwān: 'al-Madkhal ilā Taʾsīs Fiqh al-Aqallīyāt al-Muslimah' [Live | Ramadan Lecture: 'Introduction to the Foundations of the Jurisprudence of Muslim Minorities'].” video, 45:07. March 2024. https://www.youtube.com/live/Ooh9H2t4Kpw.

Yabroudi, Ḥanān Muslim Fattal. “Athar al-Qawāʿid al-Fiqhiyyah fī Tanẓīm Fiqh al-Aqalliyyāt al-Muslimah [The Impact of Legal Maxims on Regulating the jurisprudence of Muslim Minorities],” Journal of Arab Studies 2, no. 36 (2017), 649–678. http://search.mandumah.com/Record/995530.

Al-Zarqā, Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad. Sharḥ al-Qawāʿid al-Fiqhiyyah [Commentary on the Jurisprudential Maxims]. Revised and annotated by Muṣṭafā Aḥmad al-Zarqā. 6th ed. Dār al-Qalam, 2001.

Al-Zuḥaylī, Wahbah. “Al-Qawāʿid al-Fiqhiyyah wa Taṭbīqātuhā fī al-Madhāhib al-Arbaʿah [Legal Maxims and Their Applications in the Four Schools of Law].” In Qaḍāyā al-Fiqh wa-l-Fikr al-Muʿāṣir. Vol. 1. Damascus: Dār al-Fikr, 2012.

Al-Zuḥaylī, Wahbah. “Athar al-Ḍarūrah wa-l-Ḥājah wa-ʿUmūm al-Balwā fīmā Yaḥillu aw Yuḥarramu min al-Mihan wa-l-Waẓāʾif al-Qāʾimah Khārij Diyār al-Islām [The Impact of Necessity, Need, and Widespread Affliction on What Is Permitted or Prohibited of Professions and Occupations Outside Muslim Lands].” In Qaḍāyā al-Fiqh wa-l-Fikr al-Muʿāṣir. Vol. 2. Dār al-Fikr, 2012.