Variations in Physiological and Performance Markers among Fasting Muslim Amateur Footballers

Abstract

The current study aimed to evaluate the effects of fasting on strength and endurance performance of amateur male footballers. The study examined pre-, mid-, and post-Ramaḍān performance of fasting footballers. The sample comprised thirty-six respondents (18-35 years) divided into two groups: fasting (experimental) (n=18) and non-fasting (control) (n=18), and matched with regard to training frequencies (3 sessions/week). Performance measures included strength (1RM bench press, squat, and vertical jump), endurance (Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test), and body composition (bioelectrical impedance) and subjective (Borg Scale of perceived exertion). The results showed moderate level but significant reductions in the performance of fasting players in anaerobic mode. Strength (1RM) of the vertical jumps (p<0.05) and height (p<0.01) were decreased by 5 and 8%, respectively. Conversely, aerobic endurance was also better maintained in the Yo-Yo and Beep Test performance, declined by 5 to 7% only (p<0.05), which was likely due to the fact that more fat oxidation was promoted. Nutrition test revealed that high-protein 30 -40g at Iftār as well as slow-carbohydrate at Suhūr diets lowered the performance less than 3%. Hydration measure was used to reduce fatigue caused by dehydration, particularly the 1.5x fluid intake during Iftār to Suhūr (p<0. 01). The quality of sleep was also a problem, and 70% of athletes who fasted indicated disturbed sleeping patterns (PSQI >5), which was associated with perceived exertion (r=0.42, p<0.05). The results indicated the significance of well-structured interventions, such as training period adjustment, intense exercises following Iftār and electrolytes as well as protein supplementation to avoid performance decrements.