Protective Effect of Commonly Used Foods and Natural Products against COVID-19
Abstract
Abstract Views: 0COVID-19 caused by the SARS-COV-2 virus has swiftly turned into a pandemic, leading to an ongoing health crisis worldwide. This disease has a zoonotic origin, and its symptoms range from asymptomatic, mild to severe, potentially leading to death. Given its pandemic nature, researchers around the world have expedited efforts to find the treatment. While synthetic drugs have been developed for treatment, their efficacy is still under evaluation, and their side effect is the primary concern. This situation necessitates the need to explore treatment options that are not only effective but also safe. Natural products could help COVID-19 prevention and treatment given their historical role in the treatment of other viruses such as HIV, MERS-CoV, and influenza. This study aims to evaluate the potential role of natural products against COVID-19, their mechanisms of action, and previous use against other viruses. This study aims to evaluate the potential role of natural products against COVID-19, their mechanisms of action, and previous use against other viruses. The comprehensive review focuses on natural products such as ginger, garlic, clove, black pepper, red pepper, black seeds, honey, turmeric, onion, ginseng, and thyme. The findings aim to contribute valuable insights to the development of anti-COVID-19 natural products.
Downloads
References
Thota SM, Balan V, Sivaramakrishnan V. Natural products as home‐based prophylactic and symptom management agents in the setting of COVID‐19. Phytother Res. 2020;34(12):3148–3167. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6794
Wu A, Peng Y, Huang B, et al., Genome composition and divergence of the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) originating in China. Cell Host Microbe. 2020;27(3):325–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2020.02.001
The species Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-CoV-2. Nat Microbiol. 2020;5(4):536–544. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-020-0695-z
Wang S, Zhang C, Yang G, Yang Y. Biological properties of 6-gingerol: a brief review. Nat Product Commun. 2014;9(7):e1934578X1400900736. https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578X1400900736
San Chang J, Wang KC, Yeh CF, Shieh DE, Chiang L. Fresh ginger (Zingiber officinale) has anti-viral activity against human respiratory syncytial virus in human respiratory tract cell lines. J Ethnopharmacol. 2013;145(1):146–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2012.10.043
Shin D, Mukherjee R, Grewe D, et al. Papain-like protease regulates SARS-CoV-2 viral spread and innate immunity. Nature. 2020;587(7835):657–662. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2601-5
Rathinavel T, Palanisamy M, Palanisamy S, Subramanian A, Thangaswamy S. Phytochemical 6-Gingerol–A promising Drug of choice for COVID-19. Int J Adv Sci Eng. 2020;6(4):1482–1489. https://doi.org/10.29294/IJASE.6.4.2020.1482-1489
Ahkam AH, Hermanto FE, Alamsyah A, Aliyyah IH, Fatchiyah F. Virtual prediction of antiviral potential of ginger (Zingiber officinale) bioactive compounds against spike and MPro of SARS-CoV2 protein. Berk Penelit Hayati J Biol Res. 2020:25(2):52–57. https://doi.org/10.23869/50
Wannes WA, Tounsi MS. Can medicinal plants contribute to the cure of Tunisian COVID-19 patients. J Med Plants Stud. 2020;8(5):218–226. https://doi.org/10.22271/plants.2020.v8.i5c.1218
Mesri M, Esmaeili Saber SS, Godazi M, et al. The effects of combination of Zingiber officinale and Echinacea on alleviation of clinical symptoms and hospitalization rate of suspected COVID-19 outpatients: a randomized controlled trial. J Complement and Integ Med. 2021:18(4):775–781. https://doi.org/10.1515/jcim-2020-0283
Rajagopal K, Byran G, Jupudi S, Vadivelan R. Activity of phytochemical constituents of black pepper, ginger, and garlic against coronavirus (COVID-19): an in silico approach. Int J Health Allied Sci. 2020;9(5):43–50. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijhas.IJHAS_55_20
Wu J, Zha P. Treatment strategies for reducing damages to lungs in coronavirus and other lung infections.2020:1–31. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3533279
El-Saber Batiha G, Magdy Beshbishy A, G. Wasef L, et al. Chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of garlic (Allium sativum L.): A review. Nutrients. 2020;12(3):e872. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12030872
Liu X, Wang XJ. Potential inhibitors against 2019-nCoV coronavirus M protease from clinically approved medicines. J Genet Genomics. 2020;47(2):119–121. https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jgg.2020.02.001
Rajagopal K, Byran G, Jupudi S, Vadivelan R. Activity of phytochemical constituents of black pepper, ginger, and garlic against coronavirus (COVID-19): an in silico approach. Int J Health Allied Sci. 2020;9(5):43–50. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijhas.IJHAS_55_20
Mohajer Shojai T, Ghalyanchi Langeroudi A, Karimi V, Barin A, Sadri N. The effect of Allium sativum (Garlic) extract on infectious bronchitis virus in specific pathogen free embryonic egg. Avicenna J Phytomed. 2016;6(4):458–267.
Singh J, Baghotia A, Goel SP. Eugenia caryophyllata Thunberg (family myrtaceae): a review. Int J Res Pharm Biomed Sci. 2012;3(4):1469–1475.
Kanyinda JN. Coronavirus (COVID-19): a protocol for prevention and treatment (Covalyse®). Europ J Med Health Sci. 2020;2(3). https://doi.org/10.24018/ejmed.2020.2.4.340
Maurya DK, Sharma D. Evaluation of traditional ayurvedic Kadha for prevention and management of the novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) using in silico approach. J Biomol Struct Dyn. 2022;40(9):3949–3964. https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1852119
Singletary K. Black pepper: overview of health benefits. Nutrition Today. 2010;45(1):43–47. https://doi.org/10.1097/NT.0b013e3181cb4539
Chakravorty A. Emerging novel Coronavirus: a review of three potential candidates that probably debilitate the proliferation of the virus. 2020. https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/gp9ns
Damanhouri ZA, Ahmad A. A review on therapeutic potential of Piper nigrum L. Black Pepper): The King of Spices. Med Aromat Plants. 2014;3(3):e161 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2167-0412.1000161
Kumar S, Singhal V, Roshan R, Sharma A, Rembhotkar GW, Ghosh B. Piperine inhibits TNF-α induced adhesion of neutrophils to endothelial monolayer through suppression of NF-κB and IκB kinase activation. Europ J Pharmacol. 2007;575(1-3):177–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.07.056
Zimmer AR, Leonardi B, Miron D, Schapoval E, de Oliveira JR, Gosmann G. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Capsicum baccatum: from traditional use to scientific approach. J Ethnopharmacol. 2012;139(1):228–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2011.11.005
Menichini F, Tundis R, Bonesi M, et al. The influence of fruit ripening on the phytochemical content and biological activity of Capsicum chinense Jacq. cv Habanero. Food Chem. 2009;114(2):553–560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.09.086
Park JS, Chyun JH, Kim YK, Line LL, Chew BP. Astaxanthin decreased oxidative stress and inflammation and enhanced immune response in humans. Nutr Metab. 2010;7:e18. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-7075-7-18
de Jesús Ornelas-Paz J, Cira-Chávez LA, Gardea-Béjar AA, et al. Effect of heat treatment on the content of some bioactive compounds and free radical-scavenging activity in pungent and non-pungent peppers. Food Res Int. 2013;50(2):519–525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2011.01.006
Di Mascio P, Kaiser S, Sies H. Lycopene as the most efficient biological carotenoid singlet oxygen quencher. Arch Biochem Biophy. 1989;274(2):532–538. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-9861(89)90467-0
Kim YJ, Kim YA, Yokozawa T. Protection against oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis of high-glucose-exposed proximal tubular epithelial cells by astaxanthin. J Agric Food Chem. 2009;57(19):8793–8797. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf9019745
Puvača N, Ljubojević D, Lukač D, et al. Bioactive compounds of garlic, black pepper and hot red pepper. Paper presented at: Proceedings of the XVI International Symposium “Feed Technology”. Novi Sad, Serbia. 2014:116–122.
Spiller F, Alves MK, Vieira SM, et al. Anti‐inflammatory effects of red pepper (Capsicum baccatum) on carrageenan‐and antigen‐induced inflammation. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2008;60(4):473–478. https://doi.org/10.1211/jpp.60.4.0010
Sanati S, Razavi BM, Hosseinzadeh H. A review of the effects of Capsicum annuum L. and its constituent, capsaicin, in metabolic syndrome. Iran J Basic Med Sci. 2018;21(5):439–448. https://doi.org/10.22038%2FIJBMS.2018.25200.6238
Boone HA, Medunjanin D, Sijerčić A. Review on potential of phytotherapeutics in fight against COVID-19. Int J Innov Res Sci Technol. 2020;5(5):481–491.
Khaerunnisa S, Kurniawan H, Awaluddin R, Suhartati S, Soetjipto S. Potential inhibitor of COVID-19 main protease (Mpro) from several medicinal plant compounds by molecular docking study. Preprints. 2020;2020:e2020030226. https://doi.org10.20944/preprints202003.0226.v1
Salem ML, Hossain MS. Protective effect of black seed oil from Nigella sativa against murine cytomegalovirus infection. Int J Immunopharm. 2000;22(9):729–740. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0192-0561(00)00036-9
Ulasli M, Gurses SA, Bayraktar R, et al. The effects of Nigella sativa (Ns), Anthemis hyalina (Ah) and Citrus sinensis (Cs) extracts on the replication of coronavirus and the expression of TRP genes family. Mol Biol Rep. 2014;41:1703–1711. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-014-3019-7
Koshak AE, Koshak EA, Mobeireek AF, et al. Nigella sativa for the treatment of COVID-19: An open-label randomized controlled clinical trial. Comp Ther Med. 2021;61:e102769. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2021.102769
Samarghandian S, Farkhondeh T, Samini F. Honey and health: A review of recent clinical research. Pharmacog Res. 2017;9(2):121–127. https://doi.org/10.4103%2F0974-8490.204647
Tantawy M. Efficacy of Natural Honey Treatment in Patients with Novel Coronavirus. ClinicalTrials. gov. 2020.
Hossain KS, Hossain MG, Moni A, et al. Honey as a potential natural remedy against COVID-19: pharmacological insights and therapeutic promises. Heliyon. 2020;6:e05798.
Ranneh Y, Akim AM, Hamid HA, Khazaai H, Fadel A, Mahmoud AM. Stingless bee honey protects against lipopolysaccharide induced-chronic subclinical systemic inflammation and oxidative stress by modulating Nrf2, NF-κB and p38 MAPK. Nutr Metab. 2019;16:e15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12986-019-0341-z
Ruan Q, Yang K, Wang W, Jiang L, Song J. Clinical predictors of mortality due to COVID-19 based on an analysis of data of 150 patients from Wuhan, China. Intens Care Med. 2020;46(5):846–848. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-020-05991-x
Conti PR, Ronconi G, Caraffa AL, et al. Induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1 and IL-6) and lung inflammation by Coronavirus-19 (COVI-19 or SARS-CoV-2): anti-inflammatory strategies. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. 2020;34(2):327–331.
Hashem H. In silico approach of some selected honey constituents as SARS-CoV-2 main protease (COVID-19) inhibitors. https://doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv.12115359.v2
Ware M. Everything you need to know about turmeric. MedicalNewsToday. Accessed date March 03, 2018. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/306981#_noHeaderPrefixedContent.
Xu X, Cai Y, Yu Y. Effects of a novel curcumin derivative on the functions of kidney in streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic rats. Inflammopharmacology. 2018;26:1257–1264. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-018-0449-1
Li X, Fang Q, Tian X, et al. Curcumin attenuates the development of thoracic aortic aneurysm by inhibiting VEGF expression and inflammation. Mol Med Rep. 2017;16(4):4455–4462. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2017.7169
Kunnumakkara AB, Harsha C, Banik K, et al. Is curcumin bioavailability a problem in humans: Lessons from clinical trials. Expert opinion on drug metabolism & toxicology. 2019;15(9):705–733. https://doi.org/10.1080/17425255.2019.1650914
Fabros DJ, Kankeaw U, Ruansit W, Tonlek B, Theenongsang S, Charerntantanakul W. Evaluation of antiviral potential of cinnamon essential oil and its derived benzimidazole against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. J Agri Res Exten. 2018;35(2):21–31.
Roth-Walter F, Moskovskich A, Gomez-Casado C, et al. Immune suppressive effect of cinnamaldehyde due to inhibition of proliferation and induction of apoptosis in immune cells: implications in cancer. PloS One. 2014;9(10):e108402. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0108402
Yakhchali M, Taghipour Z, Ardakani MM, Vaghasloo MA, Vazirian M, Sadrai S. Cinnamon and its possible impact on COVID-19: The viewpoint of traditional and conventional medicine. Biomed Pharmacother. 2021;143:e112221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112221
Marefati N, Eftekhar N, Kaveh M, Boskabadi J, Beheshti F, Boskabady MH. The effect of Allium cepa extract on lung oxidant, antioxidant, and immunological biomarkers in ovalbumin-sensitized rats. Med Princ Prac. 2018;27(2):122–128. https://doi.org/10.1159/000487885
Dorsch W, Ring J. Anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombotic and antiviral substances from Onions could be an option for the treatment of COVID-19: A hypothesis. J Bacteriol Parasitol. 2021;12:e1000387.
Chan MC, Cheung CY, Chui WH, et al. Proinflammatory cytokine responses induced by influenza A (H5N1) viruses in primary human alveolar and bronchial epithelial cells. Resp Res. 2005;6:e135. https://doi.org/10.1186/1465-9921-6-135
Lee JB, Miyake S, Umetsu R, Hayashi K, Chijimatsu T, Hayashi T. Anti-influenza A virus effects of fructan from Welsh onion (Allium fistulosum L.). Food Chem. 2012;134(4):2164–2168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.04.016
Wang Y, Jung YJ, Kim KH, et al. Antiviral activity of fermented ginseng extracts against a broad range of influenza viruses. Viruses. 2018.10(9):e471. https://doi.org/10.3390/v10090471
Hyun SH, Ahn HY, Kim HJ, et al. Immuno-enhancement effects of Korean Red Ginseng in healthy adults: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Ginseng Res. 2021;45(1):191–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2020.08.003
Bekut M, Brkić S, Kladar N, Dragović G, Gavarić N, Božin B. Potential of selected Lamiaceae plants in anti (retro) viral therapy. Pharmacol Res. 2018;133:301–314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2017.12.016
Cutillas AB, Carrasco A, Martinez-Gutierrez R, Tomas V, Tudela J. Thyme essential oils from Spain: Aromatic profile ascertained by GC–MS, and their antioxidant, anti-lipoxygenase and antimicrobial activities. J Food Drug Anal. 2018;26(2):529–544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfda.2017.05.004
Javed H, Meeran MF, Jha NK, Ojha S. Carvacrol, a plant metabolite targeting viral protease (Mpro) and ACE2 in host cells can be a possible candidate for COVID-19. Front Plant Sci. 2021;11:e601335. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.601335
Kulkarni SA, Nagarajan SK, Ramesh V, Palaniyandi V, Selvam SP, Madhavan T. Computational evaluation of major components from plant essential oils as potent inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. J Mol Struct. 2020;1221:e128823. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.128823
Goswami D, Kumar M, Ghosh SK, Das A. Natural product compounds in alpinia officinarum and ginger are potent SARS-CoV-2 papain-like protease inhibitors. https://doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv.12071997.v1
Weber ND, Andersen DO, North JA, Murray BK, Lawson LD, Hughes BG. In vitro virucidal effects of Allium sativum (garlic) extract and compounds. Planta Medica. 1992;58(5):417–423. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-961504
Boudiaf K, Hurtado-Nedelec M, Belambri SA, et al. Thymoquinone strongly inhibits fMLF-induced neutrophil functions and exhibits anti-inflammatory properties in vivo. Biochem Pharmacol. 2016;104:62–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2016.01.006
Minden-Birkenmaier BA, Meadows MB, Cherukuri K, et al. The effect of manuka honey on dHL-60 cytokine, chemokine, and matrix-degrading enzyme release under inflammatory conditions. Med One. 2019;4(2):e190005. https://doi.org/10.20900%2Fmo.20190005
Funk JL, Frye JB, Davis‐Gorman G, et al. Curcuminoids limit neutrophil‐mediated reperfusion injury in experimental stroke by targeting the endothelium. Microcirculation. 2013;20(6):544–54. https://doi.org/10.1111/micc.12054
Lee JB, Miyake S, Umetsu R, Hayashi K, Chijimatsu T, Hayashi T. Anti-influenza A virus effects of fructan from Welsh onion (Allium fistulosum L.). Food Chem. 2012;134(4):2164–2168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.04.016
Wang Y, Jung YJ, Kim KH, et al. Antiviral activity of fermented ginseng extracts against a broad range of influenza viruses. Viruses. 2018;10(9):e471. https://doi.org/10.3390/v10090471
Bekut M, Brkić S, Kladar N, Dragović G, Gavarić N, Božin B. Potential of selected Lamiaceae plants in anti (retro) viral therapy. Pharmacol Res. 2018;133:301–314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2017.12.016
Copyright (c) 2024 Faheem Mustafa, Waffa Ali, Remesah Noor, Aiza Talat, Mahnoor Maqsood, Hafsa Tahir, Mouvez Zeeshan, Rabiatul Adawiyah Binti Umar, Shanthi Krishnasamy, Wan Rohani Wan Taib, Atif Amin Baig
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
BSR follows an open-access publishing policy and full text of all published articles is available free, immediately upon publication of an issue. The journal’s contents are published and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY 4.0) license. Thus, the work submitted to the journal implies that it is original, unpublished work of the authors (neither published previously nor accepted/under consideration for publication elsewhere). On acceptance of a manuscript for publication, a corresponding author on the behalf of all co-authors of the manuscript will sign and submit a completed the Copyright and Author Consent Form.