Small Cell Neuroendocrine Cervical Carcinoma: A Review
Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of cervix
Abstract
Abstract Views: 0
Small cell neuroendocrine cervical carcinoma (SCNCC) are neuroendocrine tumors neoplasms (NEN), an intrusive and rare disease originating from neuroendocrine cells that is basically linked with poor treatment or prognosis. Postoperative adjuvant peripheral radiotherapy has been described as a routine treatment. In spite of violent and unusual remedies, high mortality rate was observed in patients with earlier stage of neuroendocrine cervical carcinoma (NECC). The understanding was studied during the early stage of this malignancy, considered the desired work for the identification of predictive issues and optimum multi-modality treatment was concluded. By illustrating cytological elements along with reassessing the consequences of cytological smudges of cervix towards disease manifestations, the investigative specificity might be increased along with patient outcomes. Thus, a unique and novel methodology needs to be introduced to comprehend and cure this malignancy.
Downloads
References
REFERENCES
Reagan JW. Analytical study of the cells in cervical squamous-cell cancer. Lab Invest. 1957;6:241–250. https://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.2699
Albores-Saavedra J, Gersell D, Gilks CB, et al. Terminology of endocrine tumors of the uterine cervix. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1997;121(1):34–39.
Nagarkar R, Patil D, Crook T, et al. Encyclopedic tumor analysis for guiding treatment of advanced, broadly refractory cancers: results from the RESILIENT trial. Oncotarget. 2019;10(54):5605–5621. https://doi.org/10.18632%2Foncotarget.27188
Berezowska S, Maillard M, Keyter M, Bisig B. Pulmonary squamous cell carcinoma and lymphoepithelial carcinoma–morphology, molecular characteristics and differential diagnosis. Histopathology. 2024;84(1):32-49. https://doi.org/10 .1111/his.15076
Siegel RL, Miller KD, Fedewa SA, et al. Colorectal cancer statistics, 2017. CA Cancer J Clin. 2017;67(3):177–193. https://doi.org/10.3322/ caac.21395
Corti F, Rossi RE, Cafaro P, et al. Emerging Treatment Options for Neuroendocrine Neoplasms of Unknown Primary Origin: Current Evidence and Future Perspectives. Cancers. 2024;16(11):2025. https:// doi.org/10.3390/cancers16112025
Z Venyo AK. Primary Small Cell Neuro-Endocrine Carcinoma of the Kidney and Urinary Tract: A Review and Update. Clin Med. 2022;4(1):1044.
Chen TC, Huang HJ, Wang TY, et al. Primary surgery versus primary radiation therapy for FIGO stages I–II small cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix: a retrospective Taiwanese gynecologic oncology group study. Gynecol Oncol. 2015;137(3):468–473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j .ygyno.2015.03.015
Zhou KN, Wang Y, Xie Y, et al. Symptom burden survey and symptom clusters in patients with cervical cancer: a cross-sectional survey. Supportive Care Cancer. 2023;31(6):338. https://doi.org/10 .1007/s00520-023-07802-7
Chan JK, Loizzi V, Burger RA, Rutgers J, Monk BJ. Prognostic factors in neuroendocrine small cell cervical carcinoma: a multivariate analysis. Cancer: Interdiscip Int J Am Cancer Soc. 2003;97(3):568–674. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.11086
Miyoshi AI, Ueda Y, Kurita T, Kimura T, Yoshino K. Recent advances in the management of small cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Anticancer Res. 2023;43(4):1397-405. https://doi.org/10.21873/anticanres.16288
Au-Yeung G, MacArthur E, Chan J, et al. Innovations in Rare Gynecologic Cancer: Melanoma, Neuroendocrine, and Low-Grade Serous Ovarian. American Society of Clinical Oncology Educational Book. 2024;44(3):e431818. https://doi.org /10.1200/EDBK_431818
Satoh T, Takei Y, Treilleux I, et al. Gynecologic Cancer Inter Group (GCIG) consensus review for small cell carcinoma of the cervix. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2014;24(9):S102–S108. https://doi.org/10.1097/IGC .0000000000000262
Ganesan R, Hirschowitz L, Dawson P, et al. Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the cervix: review of a series of cases and correlation with outcome. Int J Surg Pathol. 2016;24(6):490–496. https://doi.org/10.1177/1066896916643385
Liao H, Wang Q, Zou J, Tan X. The dedicator of cytokinesis 6 (DOCK6) is a novel indicator for prognosis in cervical cancer: a retrospective cross-sectional study. Gynecol Pelvic Med. 2023:30;6. http://doi.org/10.21037/ gpm-23-13
Cohen JG, Kapp DS, Shin JY, et al. Small cell carcinoma of the cervix: treatment and survival outcomes of 188 patients. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2010;203(4):347.e1–347.e6. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2010.04.019
Gadducci A, Carinelli S, Aletti G. Neuroendrocrine tumors of the uterine cervix: a therapeutic challenge for gynecologic oncologists. Gynecol Oncol. 2017;144(3):637–646. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.ygyno.2016.12.003
Ganesan R, Hirschowitz L, Dawson P, et al. Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the cervix: review of a series of cases and correlation with outcome. Int J Surg Pathol. 2016;24(6):490–496. https://doi.org/10.1177/1066896916643385
Stumpo S, Formelli MG, Persano I, et al. Extrapulmonary Neuroendocrine Carcinomas: Current Management and Future Perspectives. J Clin Med. 2023: 15;12(24):7715. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/jcm12247715
Zhou C, Hayes MMM, Clement PB, Thomson TA. Small cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix: cytologic findings in 13 cases. Cancer Cytopathol:Interdiscip Int J Am Cancer Soc. 1998;84(5):281–288. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19981025)84:5%3C281::AID-CNCR3%3E3.0.CO;2-W
O'Hanlan KA, Goldberg GL, Jones JG, Runowicz CD, Ehrlich L, Rodriguez-Rodriguez L. Adjuvant therapy for neuroendocrine small cell carcinoma of the cervix: review of the literature. Gynecol Oncol. 1991;43(2):167–72. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/0090-8258(91)90066-E
Boruta DM II, Schorge JO, Duska LA, Crum CP, Castrillon DH, Sheets EE. Multimodality therapy in early-stage neuroendocrine carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Gynecol Oncol. 2001;81(1):82–87. https://doi.org/ 10.1006/gyno.2000.6118
Viswanathan AN, Deavers MT, Jhingran A, Ramirez PT, Levenback C, Eifel PJ. Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the cervix: outcome and patterns of recurrence. Gynecol Oncol. 2004;93(1):27–33. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.ygyno.2003.12.027
Zivanovic O, Leitao M Jr, Park K, et al. Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the cervix: analysis of outcome, recurrence pattern and the impact of platinum-based combination chemotherapy. Gynecol Oncol. 2009;112(3):590–593. https://doi.org /10.1016/j.ygyno.2008.11.010
Chen TC, Huang HJ, Wang TY, et al. Primary surgery versus primary radiation therapy for FIGO stages I–II small cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix: a retrospective Taiwanese Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Gynecol Oncol. 2015;137(3):468–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygyno.2015.03.015
Frumovitz M, Munsell M, Burzawa JK, et al. Combination therapy with topotecan, paclitaxel, and bevacizumab improves progression-free survival in recurrent small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the cervix. Gynecol Oncol. 2017;144(1):46–50. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.ygyno.2016.10.040
Wang KL, Chang TC, Jung SM, et al. Primary treatment and prognostic factors of small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the uterine cervix: a Taiwanese Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Eur J Cancer. 2012;48(10):1484–1494. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.ejca.2011.12.014
Weed JC Jr, Graff AT, Shoup B, Tawfik, O. Small cell undifferentiated (neuroendocrine) carcinoma of the uterine cervix. J Am Coll Surg. 2003;197(1):44–51. https://doi. org/10.1016/S1072-7515(03)00120-0
Robin TP, Amini A, Schefter TE, Behbakht K, Fisher CM. Brachytherapy should not be omitted when treating locally advanced neuroendocrine cervical cancer with definitive chemoradiation therapy. Brachytherapy. 2016;15(6):845–850. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brachy.2016.08.007
Naidoo J, Teo MY, Deady S, Comber H, Calvert P. Should patients with extrapulmonary small-cell carcinoma receive prophylactic cranial irradiation? J Thorac Oncol. 2013;8(9):1215–1221. https://doi.org /10.1097/JTO.0b013e31829f6b03
Zhang Q, Xiong Y, Ye J, Zhang L, Li L. Influence of clinicopathological characteristics and comprehensive treatment models on the prognosis of small cell carcinoma of the cervix: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS one. 2018;13(4):e0192784. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0192784
Katahira A, Akahira J, Niikura H, et al. Small cell carcinoma of the endometrium: report of three cases and literature review. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2004;14(5):1018–1023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ijgc-00009577-200409000-00041
Kim MJ, Kim NR, Cho HY, Lee SP, Ha SY. Differential diagnostic features of small cell carcinoma in the uterine cervix. Diagn Cytopathol. 2008;36(9):618–23. https://doi.org/ 10.1002/dc.20875
Nishiumi Y, Nishimura T, Kashu I, Aoki T, Itoh R, Tsuta K, Ishida M. Adenocarcinoma in situ admixed with small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the cervix: a case report with cytological features. Diagn Cytopathol. 2018;46(9):752–755. https://doi.org/10.1002/dc.23940
Wu PY, Cheng YM, New GH, et al. Case report: term birth after fertility-sparing treatments for stage IB1 small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the cervix. BMC Women's Health. 2017;17(1):e56. https://doi.org/ 10.1186/s12905-017-0404-0
Roy S, Ko JJ and Bahl G. Small cell carcinoma of cervix: a population-based study evaluating standardized provincial treatment protocols. Gynecol Oncol Rep. 2019;27:54–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gore.2019.01.003
Li P, Ma J, Zhang X, et al. Cervical small cell carcinoma frequently presented in multiple high risk HPV infection and often associated with other type of epithelial tumors. Diagn Pathol. 2018;13(1):e31. https://doi.org /10.1186/s13000-018-0709-9
Xing D, Zheng G, Schoolmeester JK, et al. Next-generation sequencing reveals recurrent somatic mutations in small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Am J Surg Pathol. 2018;42(6):750–760. https://doi.org/10.1097%2FPAS.0000000000001042
Lin F, Wang L, Lin L, et al. Small cell carcinoma of uterine cervix: a single-institution experience. Chin J Radiol-Taipei. 2006;31(1):15–20.
Tempfer CB, Tischoff I, Dogan A, et al. Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the cervix: a systematic review of the literature. BMC Cancer. 2018;18(1):e530. https://doi.org /10.1186/s12885-018-4447-x
Jamor J. Small–cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the uterine cervix: a case report and review of the literature. Int J Med Rev Case Rep. 2020;4(1):14–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/ IJMRCR.Small-cell-neuroendocrine-carcinoma-uterine-cervix
Zhu J, Hu Q, Gu K, et al. Small cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix with cerebellar metastasis: a special case report with literature review. Int J Radiat Res. 2019;17(2):345–353.
He Y, Zhao H, Li XM, Yin CH, Wu YM. A clinical analysis of small-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the gynecologic tract: report of 20 cases. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2019;299(2):543–549. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s00404-018-4960-9
Lin AJ, Hassanzadeh C, Markovina S, Schwarz J, Grigsby P. Brachytherapy and survival in small cell cancer of the cervix and uterus. Brachytherapy. 2019;18(2):163–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brachy.2018.11.006
Pan L, Liu R, Sheng X, Chen D. Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the cervix in pregnancy: a case report and review. Case Rep Obstetrics Gynecol. 2019;2019:e8028459. https://doi.org/ 10.1155/2019/8028459
Kim J-H, Shim S-h, Nam S-H, et al. Prognostic factors and impact of minimally invasive surgery in early-stage neuroendocrine carcinoma of the cervix. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2020;27(7):1558–1565. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.jmig.2020.02.004
Abulafia O, Sherer DM. Adjuvant chemotherapy in stage IB neuroendocrine small cell carcinoma of the cervix. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1995;74(9):740–744. https:// doi.org/10.3109/00016349509021185
Hoskins P, Wong F, Swenerton K, et al. Small cell carcinoma of the cervix treated with concurrent radiotherapy, cisplatin, and etoposide. Gynecol Oncol. 1995;56(2):218–225. https:// doi.org/10.1006/gyno.1995.1035
Chang D, Hsueh S, Soong YK. Small cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix with neurosecretory granules associated with pregnancy. a case report. J Reprod Med. 1994;39(7):537–540.
Gersell DJ, Mazoujian G, Mutch DG, Rudloff, M. Small-cell undifferentiated carcinoma of the cervix. A clinicopathologic, ultrastructural, and immunocytochemical study of 15 cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 1988;12(9):684–698.
Jacobs AJ, Marchevsky A, Gordon RE, Deppe G, Cohen CJ. Oat cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix in a pregnant woman treated with cis-diamminedichloroplatinum. Gynecol Oncol. 1980;9(3):405–410. https://doi. org/10.1016/0090-8258(80)90052-9
Kodousek R, Gazarek F, Dusek J, Dostal S. Malignant apudoma (argyrophilie carcinoma) of the uterine cervix in a 24-year-old woman in pregnancy. Ceskoslovenska Patol. 1976;12(1):37–44.
Lewandowski GS, Copeland LJ. A potential role for intensive chemotherapy in the treatment of small cell neuroendocrine tumors of the cervix. Gynecol Oncol. 1993;48(1):127–131. https://doi.org /10.1006/gyno.1993.1021
Matsuyama M, Inoue T, Ariyoshi Y, et al. Argyrophil cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix with ectopic production of ACTH, β‐MSH, serotonin, histamine, and amylase. Cancer. 1979; 44(5):1813–1823.
Morris M, Gershenson DM, Eifel P, et al. Treatment of small cell carcinoma of the cervix with cisplatin, doxorubicin, and etoposide. Gynecol Oncol. 1992;47(1):62–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/0090-8258(92)90077-V
Silva EG, Kott MM, Ordonez NG. Endocrine carcinoma intermediate cell type of the uterine cervix. Cancer. 1984;54(8):1705–1713.
Stassart J, Crum CP, Yordan EL, Fenoglio CM, Richart RM. Argyrophilic carcinoma of the cervix: a report of a case with coexisting cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Gynecol Oncol. 1982;13(2):247–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/0090-8258(82)90034-8
Tabbara IA, Grosh WA, Andersen WA, Taylor PT, Hahn SS, Stewart FM. Treatment of small-cell carcinoma of the cervix with weekly combination chemotherapy. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol. 1990;26(6):748–749. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-5379(90)90134-F
Turner WA, Gallup DG, Talledo O, Otken LB Jr, Guthrie TH. Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the uterine cervix complicated by pregnancy: case report and review of the literature. Obstet Gynecol. 1986;67(3 Suppl):80S–83S.
Loya A, Serrano B, Rasheed F, et al. Human papillomavirus genotype distribution in invasive cervical cancer in Pakistan. Cancers 2016;8(8):e72. https://doi.org/10. 3390/cancers8080072
Afridi HK, Zahid NA. Frequency of gynecological malignancies in a tertiary care centre in Karachi, Pakistan. Liaquat Nat J Cancer Care. 2021;3(1):3–6. https://doi.org/ 10.37184/lnjcc.2789-0112.3.3
Shahnaz S, Fricovsky E, Anwar R, Arain MI. Cervical Cancer Awareness and Attitude Towards Cervical Cancer Screening and Human Papillomavirus Vaccines Among Urban Women of Karachi, Pakistan. Cureus. 2023 Aug 4;15(8):e42970. https:doi.org/10.7759/cureus.42970
Afroz S, Ara G, Sultana F. Pattern of gynaecological malignancies in a tertiary care hospital. Open J Obstet Gynecol. 2019;9:449–457. https:// doi.org/10.4236/ojog.2019.94044
Zhu YX, Gao XP, Xin L, Jia YC. A case report of small cell ovarian neuroendocrine carcinoma combined with immunochemotherapy. Medicine. 2022;101(46):e31445. https://doi.org/10.1097%2FMD.0000000000031445
Patibandla JR, Fehniger JE, Levine DE, Jelinic P. Small cell cancers of the female genital tract: molecular and clinical aspects. Gynecol Oncol Int J. 2018;149:420–427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygyno.2018.02.004
Copyright (c) 2024 Saba Saeed, Muhammad Amir Iqbal, Shakeela Parveen
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
BSR follows an open-access publishing policy and full text of all published articles is available free, immediately upon publication of an issue. The journal’s contents are published and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY 4.0) license. Thus, the work submitted to the journal implies that it is original, unpublished work of the authors (neither published previously nor accepted/under consideration for publication elsewhere). On acceptance of a manuscript for publication, a corresponding author on the behalf of all co-authors of the manuscript will sign and submit a completed the Copyright and Author Consent Form.
