Effect of University Administrative and Academic Processes on Student Engagement: An Empirical Evidence from Pakistan
Keywords:
Academic process, administrative process, private universities, student engagement
Abstract
Abstract Views: 417
Student engagement is among the emerging discourses in education research. It is a significant factor in students' academic success and involves the student and the university's contributions. The literature extensively reports the studies that establish and explore the relationship between academic processes and student engagement; however, administrative processes are less focused. This study empirically tested the effect of administrative processes (admission, facilities management, counseling, and governance) and academic processes (teaching, learning, assessment & feedback, research & development) on student engagement. A survey instrument comprising 73 items was used to collect the data from 368 students of two private universities in Lahore, Pakistan. Except for the demographic fields, all items were gauged over a 7-point Likert scale with 1-7 (strong disagreement to the strong agreement). The reliability score of the pilot was 0.96, and of the final data, 0.92. Descriptive statistics were applied to explain the demographic characteristics of the sample. Smart PLS was used to draw structure equation models (SEM) by computing Partial Least Square (PLS) regression scores. Results have predicted strong and positive relationships between administrative processes, academic processes, and student engagement. PLS-SEM showed that both administrative processes and academic processes almost equally affect student engagement. The discussion of results revealed that administrative processes, though equally important as academic processes, but previous research shows less focus on it. The study concluded that emotional engagement is the least focused area by the administration as well as academia. The study suggests the private universities in Lahore to focus on improving their focus on developing emotional engagement of their students to reap loyalty and organizational commitment of their students.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Allen, M. (2016). Strategic Communication for Sustainable Organizations. CSR, Sustainability, Ethics & Governance. Springer
Altbach, P. G., Reisberg, L., & Rumbley, L. E. (2009). Trends in global higher education: Tracking an academic revolution. A Report Prepared for the UNESCO 2009 World Conference on Higher Education. UNESCO
Appio, F. P., Martini, A., Massa, S., & Testa, S. (2017). Collaborative network of firms: antecedents and state-of-the-art properties. International Journal of Production Research, 55(7), 2121-2134. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2016.1262083
Almarghani, E. M., & Mijatovic, I. (2017). Factors affecting student engagement in HEIs-it is all about good teaching. Teaching in higher education, 22(8), 940-956. https://doi.org/10.1080/13562517.2017.1319808
Arif, S., Ilyas, M., & Hameed, A. (2013). Student satisfaction with services in private universities of Pakistan: The impact of leadership. Total Quality Management, 25(4), 399-416.
Arif, S., Ilyas, M., & Hameed, A. (2017). Using structure equation modeling to construct student satisfaction models for private universities of Pakistan. Journal of Quality and Technology Management, 14(2), 39-53.
Ashkenas, R., Ulrich, D., Jick, T., & Kerr, S. (2015). The boundaryless organization: Breaking the chains of organizational structure: John Wiley & Sons.
Bedenlier, S., Bond, M., Buntins, K., Zawacki-Richter, O., & Kerres, M. (2020). Facilitating student engagement through educational technology in higher education: A systematic review in the field of arts and humanities. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 126-150. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8267-031X
Bosch, M., Tavender, E. J., Brennan, S. E., Knott, J., Gruen, R. L., & Green, S. E. (2016). The many organisational factors relevant to planning change in emergency care departments: a qualitative study to inform a cluster randomised controlled trial aiming to improve the management of patients with mild traumatic brain injuries. PloS one, 11(2), e0148091.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0148091
Bratton, J. (2020). Organizational leadership. SAGE. Publications Limited.
By, R. T., Hughes, M., & Ford, J. (2016). Change Leadership: oxymoron and myths. Journal of Change Management, 16(1), 8-17.
Castells, M. (2011). A network theory of power. International journal of communication, 5, 773–787.
Ciric, M., & Jovanovic, D. (2016). Student engagement as a multidimensional concept. In Multidimensional Concept. WLC 2016: World LUMEN Congress. Logos Universality Mentality Education Novelty 2016. LUMEN (pp. 187-194).
Collins, A. (2016). A brief history of mass collaboration: How innovations over time have enabled people to work together more effectively Mass collaboration and education (pp. 31-42): Springer, Cham.
Collinson, D. L. (2020). 'Only Connect!': Exploring the Critical Dialectical Turn in Leadership Studies. Organization Theory, 1(2), 1-22.
Campbell, J. F., & Arbogast, R. T. (2004). Stored‐product insects in a flour mill: population dynamics and response to fumigation treatments. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 112(3), 217-225.
Capan, A., Veisi, H., Goren, A. C., & Ozturk, T. (2012). Concise syntheses, polymers, and properties of 3-arylthieno [3, 2-b] thiophenes. Macromolecules, 45(20), 8228-8236.
Delfino, A. P. (2019). Student Engagement and Academic Performance of Students of Partido State University. Asian Journal of University Education, 15(1), 1-16.
Danzfuss, T. W. (2012). The impact of organisational structure on the performance of virtual teams (Doctoral dissertation, University of Pretoria).
Ellis, R. A., & Goodyear, P. (2016). Models of learning space: integrating research on space, place and learning in higher education. Review of Education, 4(2), 149-191. https://doi.org/10.1002/rev3.3056
Forgasz, H., Tan, H., Leder, G., & McLeod, A. (2018). Enhancing survey participation: Facebook advertisements for recruitment in educational research. International Journal of Research & Method in Education, 41(3), 257-270. https://doi.org/10.1080/1743727X.2017.1295939
Gunuc, S., & Kuzu, A. (2015). Student engagement scale: development, reliability and validity. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 40(4), 587-610.
Garg, G., & Krishnan, V. R. (2003). Transformational leadership and organizational structure: The role of value-based leadership. Transformational leadership: Value-based management for Indian organizations, 82-100.
Hanif, F., Naqvi, S., & Hussain, K. (2015). The role of employee engagement in work-related outcomes. Advances in Economics and Business, 3(6), 204-214.
Harmon, P. (2015). The scope and evolution of business process management. In Handbook on Business Process Management 1 (pp. 37-81). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
Heeringa, S. G., West, B. T., & Berglund, P. A. (2017). Applied survey data analysis: CRC press.
Horstmanshof, L., & Zimitat, C. (2007). Future time orientation predicts academic engagement among first‐year university students. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 77(3), 703-718. https://doi.org/10.1348/000709906X160778
Hao, D., Chao, M., Yin, Z., & Yu, D. (2012). Genome-wide association analysis detecting significant single nucleotide polymorphisms for chlorophyll and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in soybean (Glycine max) landraces. Euphytica, 186(3), 919-931.
Jones, D. A. (2010). Does serving the community also serve the company? Using organizational identification and social exchange theories to understand employee responses to a volunteerism programme. Journal of occupational and organizational psychology, 83(4), 857-878. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317909X477495
Kahn, P. E. (2014). Theorising student engagement in higher education. British Educational Research Journal, 40(6), 1005-1018. https://doi.org/10.1002/berj.3121
Kahu, E. R. (2013). Framing student engagement in higher education. Studies in higher education, 38(5), 758-773. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1012777
Kahu, E. R., & Nelson, K. (2018). Student engagement in the educational interface: understanding the mechanisms of student success. Higher Education Research & Development, 37(1), 58-71.
Kim, Y., Kim, M. S., & Kim, J. H. (2018). Development of key performance indicators for the improvement of university facility management services in Korea. Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering, 17(2), 313-320.
Kuh, G., Kinzie, J., Buckley, J., Bridges, B., & Hayek, J. (2007). Major theoretical perspectives on student success in college. Piecing Together the Student Success Puzzle: Research, Propositions, and Recommendations: ASHE Higher Education Report, 32(5), 13-20.
Kuh, G. D. (2009). The national survey of student engagement: Conceptual and empirical foundations. New directions for institutional research, 2009(141), 5-20.
Kwiek, M. (2016). Constructing universities as organizations. University reforms in Poland in the light of institutional theory. In E. Samier (Ed.) Ideologies in Educational Administration and Leadership (pp.193–216). Routledge.
Kwiek, M. (2018). Changing European academics: A comparative study of social stratification, work patterns and research productivity. Routledge.
Lakhal, L. (2014). The relationship between ISO 9000 certification, TQM practices, and organizational performance. Quality Management Journal, 21(3), 38-48.
Levesque, C., Zuehlke, A. N., Stanek, L. R., & Ryan, R. M. (2004). Autonomy and competence in German and American university students: A comparative study based on self-determination theory. Journal of Educational Psychology, 96(1), 68. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.96.1.68
Maunze, O. b. R., Abratt, R., & Mingione, M. (2020). Impact of Internal Branding on Student Engagement: Insights from a South African University. Services Marketing Quarterly, 41(2), 124-144.
Mehrabi, S., Mirzaee, R. F., Zamanzadeh, S., Navi, K., & Hashemipour, O. (2013). Design, analysis, and implementation of partial product reduction phase by using wide m: 3 (4≤ m≤ 10) compressors. International Journal of High Performance Systems Architecture, 4(4), 231-241.
Nieves, J., & Haller, S. (2014). Building dynamic capabilities through knowledge resources. Tourism Management, 40, 224-232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2013.06.010
Omar, I., & Chaudhry, M. S. (2019). University efforts for quality to ensure epistemological access. UMT Education Review, 2(1), 81-105. https://journals.umt.edu.pk/index.php/uer/article/view/158
Omar, I. & Arif, S. (2020). From epistemological, pedagogical access to student success: new framework for studying access to higher education. Research Journal of Social Sciences & Economics Review, 1(3), 45-55. https://doi.org/10.36902/rjsser-vol1-iss3-2020(45-55)
Quaye, S. J., Harper, S. R., & Pendakur, S. L. (2019). Student engagement in higher education: Theoretical perspectives and practical approaches for diverse populations: Routledge.
Quin, D. (2017). Longitudinal and contextual associations between teacher-student relationships and student engagement: A systematic review. Review of Educational Research, 87(2), 345-387. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654316669434
Roby, T., Ashe, S., Singh, N., & Clark, C. (2013). Shaping the online experience: How administrators can influence student and instructor perceptions through policy and practice. The Internet and Higher Education, 17, 29-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2012.09.004
Russell, B., & Slater, G. (2011). Factors that Encourage Student Engagement: Insights from a Case Study of First time' Students in a New Zealand University. Journal of University Teaching & Learning Practice, 8(1), 1-15.
Resick, C. J., Hargis, M. B., Shao, P., & Dust, S. B. (2013). Ethical leadership, moral equity judgments, and discretionary workplace behavior. Human relations, 66(7), 951-972.
Saks, A. M. (2019). Antecedents and consequences of employee engagement revisited. Journal of Organizational Effectiveness: People and Performance, 6(1), 19-38.
Scott, W. R., & Davis, G. F. (2015). Organizations and organizing: Rational, natural and open systems perspectives: Routledge.
Shernoff, D. J., Csikszentmihalyi, M., Schneider, B., & Shernoff, E. S. (2014). Student engagement in high school classrooms from the perspective of flow theory Applications of flow in human development and education (pp. 475-494): Springer.
Shuck, B., Reio Jr, T. G., & Rocco, T. S. (2011). Employee engagement: An examination of antecedent and outcome variables. Human resource development international, 14(4), 427-445.
Simons, M., Minson, S. E., Sladen, A., Ortega, F., Jiang, J., Owen, S. E., ... & Helmberger, D. V. (2011). The 2011 magnitude 9.0 Tohoku-Oki earthquake: Mosaicking the megathrust from seconds to centuries. science, 332(6036), 1421-1425.
Tight, M. (2020). Student retention and engagement in higher education. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 44(5), 689-704.
Trowler, V. (2010). Student engagement literature review. The higher education academy, 11(1), 1-15.
Tanak, H., Ağar, A. A., & Büyükgüngör, O. (2012). Quantum-chemical, spectroscopic and X-ray diffraction studies of (E)-2-[(2-Bromophenyl) iminomethyl]-4-trifluoromethoxyphenol. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 87, 15-24.
Simons, M., Minson, S. E., Sladen, A., Ortega, F., Jiang, J., Owen, S. E., ... & Helmberger, D. V. (2011). The 2011 magnitude 9.0 Tohoku-Oki earthquake: Mosaicking the megathrust from seconds to centuries. science, 332(6036), 1421-1425.
Victorino, C., Denson, N., Ing, M., & Nylund-Gibson, K. (2019). Comparing STEM Majors by Examining the Relationship between Student Perceptions of Campus Climate and Classroom Engagement. Journal of Hispanic Higher Education, 1538192719896343.
Westman, S., & Bergmark, U. (2019). Re-considering the onto epistemology of student engagement in higher education. Educational Philosophy and Theory, 51(8), 792-802. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131857.2018.1454309
Wolf-Wendel, L., Ward, K., & Kinzie, J. (2009). A tangled web of terms: The overlap and unique contribution of involvement, engagement, and integration to understanding college student success. Journal of College Student Development, 50(4), 407-428.
Zepke, N. (2018). Student engagement in neo-liberal times: what is missing? Higher Education Research & Development, 37(2), 433-446. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2017.1370440
Altbach, P. G., Reisberg, L., & Rumbley, L. E. (2009). Trends in global higher education: Tracking an academic revolution. A Report Prepared for the UNESCO 2009 World Conference on Higher Education. UNESCO
Appio, F. P., Martini, A., Massa, S., & Testa, S. (2017). Collaborative network of firms: antecedents and state-of-the-art properties. International Journal of Production Research, 55(7), 2121-2134. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2016.1262083
Almarghani, E. M., & Mijatovic, I. (2017). Factors affecting student engagement in HEIs-it is all about good teaching. Teaching in higher education, 22(8), 940-956. https://doi.org/10.1080/13562517.2017.1319808
Arif, S., Ilyas, M., & Hameed, A. (2013). Student satisfaction with services in private universities of Pakistan: The impact of leadership. Total Quality Management, 25(4), 399-416.
Arif, S., Ilyas, M., & Hameed, A. (2017). Using structure equation modeling to construct student satisfaction models for private universities of Pakistan. Journal of Quality and Technology Management, 14(2), 39-53.
Ashkenas, R., Ulrich, D., Jick, T., & Kerr, S. (2015). The boundaryless organization: Breaking the chains of organizational structure: John Wiley & Sons.
Bedenlier, S., Bond, M., Buntins, K., Zawacki-Richter, O., & Kerres, M. (2020). Facilitating student engagement through educational technology in higher education: A systematic review in the field of arts and humanities. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 126-150. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8267-031X
Bosch, M., Tavender, E. J., Brennan, S. E., Knott, J., Gruen, R. L., & Green, S. E. (2016). The many organisational factors relevant to planning change in emergency care departments: a qualitative study to inform a cluster randomised controlled trial aiming to improve the management of patients with mild traumatic brain injuries. PloS one, 11(2), e0148091.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0148091
Bratton, J. (2020). Organizational leadership. SAGE. Publications Limited.
By, R. T., Hughes, M., & Ford, J. (2016). Change Leadership: oxymoron and myths. Journal of Change Management, 16(1), 8-17.
Castells, M. (2011). A network theory of power. International journal of communication, 5, 773–787.
Ciric, M., & Jovanovic, D. (2016). Student engagement as a multidimensional concept. In Multidimensional Concept. WLC 2016: World LUMEN Congress. Logos Universality Mentality Education Novelty 2016. LUMEN (pp. 187-194).
Collins, A. (2016). A brief history of mass collaboration: How innovations over time have enabled people to work together more effectively Mass collaboration and education (pp. 31-42): Springer, Cham.
Collinson, D. L. (2020). 'Only Connect!': Exploring the Critical Dialectical Turn in Leadership Studies. Organization Theory, 1(2), 1-22.
Campbell, J. F., & Arbogast, R. T. (2004). Stored‐product insects in a flour mill: population dynamics and response to fumigation treatments. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 112(3), 217-225.
Capan, A., Veisi, H., Goren, A. C., & Ozturk, T. (2012). Concise syntheses, polymers, and properties of 3-arylthieno [3, 2-b] thiophenes. Macromolecules, 45(20), 8228-8236.
Delfino, A. P. (2019). Student Engagement and Academic Performance of Students of Partido State University. Asian Journal of University Education, 15(1), 1-16.
Danzfuss, T. W. (2012). The impact of organisational structure on the performance of virtual teams (Doctoral dissertation, University of Pretoria).
Ellis, R. A., & Goodyear, P. (2016). Models of learning space: integrating research on space, place and learning in higher education. Review of Education, 4(2), 149-191. https://doi.org/10.1002/rev3.3056
Forgasz, H., Tan, H., Leder, G., & McLeod, A. (2018). Enhancing survey participation: Facebook advertisements for recruitment in educational research. International Journal of Research & Method in Education, 41(3), 257-270. https://doi.org/10.1080/1743727X.2017.1295939
Gunuc, S., & Kuzu, A. (2015). Student engagement scale: development, reliability and validity. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 40(4), 587-610.
Garg, G., & Krishnan, V. R. (2003). Transformational leadership and organizational structure: The role of value-based leadership. Transformational leadership: Value-based management for Indian organizations, 82-100.
Hanif, F., Naqvi, S., & Hussain, K. (2015). The role of employee engagement in work-related outcomes. Advances in Economics and Business, 3(6), 204-214.
Harmon, P. (2015). The scope and evolution of business process management. In Handbook on Business Process Management 1 (pp. 37-81). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
Heeringa, S. G., West, B. T., & Berglund, P. A. (2017). Applied survey data analysis: CRC press.
Horstmanshof, L., & Zimitat, C. (2007). Future time orientation predicts academic engagement among first‐year university students. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 77(3), 703-718. https://doi.org/10.1348/000709906X160778
Hao, D., Chao, M., Yin, Z., & Yu, D. (2012). Genome-wide association analysis detecting significant single nucleotide polymorphisms for chlorophyll and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in soybean (Glycine max) landraces. Euphytica, 186(3), 919-931.
Jones, D. A. (2010). Does serving the community also serve the company? Using organizational identification and social exchange theories to understand employee responses to a volunteerism programme. Journal of occupational and organizational psychology, 83(4), 857-878. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317909X477495
Kahn, P. E. (2014). Theorising student engagement in higher education. British Educational Research Journal, 40(6), 1005-1018. https://doi.org/10.1002/berj.3121
Kahu, E. R. (2013). Framing student engagement in higher education. Studies in higher education, 38(5), 758-773. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1012777
Kahu, E. R., & Nelson, K. (2018). Student engagement in the educational interface: understanding the mechanisms of student success. Higher Education Research & Development, 37(1), 58-71.
Kim, Y., Kim, M. S., & Kim, J. H. (2018). Development of key performance indicators for the improvement of university facility management services in Korea. Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering, 17(2), 313-320.
Kuh, G., Kinzie, J., Buckley, J., Bridges, B., & Hayek, J. (2007). Major theoretical perspectives on student success in college. Piecing Together the Student Success Puzzle: Research, Propositions, and Recommendations: ASHE Higher Education Report, 32(5), 13-20.
Kuh, G. D. (2009). The national survey of student engagement: Conceptual and empirical foundations. New directions for institutional research, 2009(141), 5-20.
Kwiek, M. (2016). Constructing universities as organizations. University reforms in Poland in the light of institutional theory. In E. Samier (Ed.) Ideologies in Educational Administration and Leadership (pp.193–216). Routledge.
Kwiek, M. (2018). Changing European academics: A comparative study of social stratification, work patterns and research productivity. Routledge.
Lakhal, L. (2014). The relationship between ISO 9000 certification, TQM practices, and organizational performance. Quality Management Journal, 21(3), 38-48.
Levesque, C., Zuehlke, A. N., Stanek, L. R., & Ryan, R. M. (2004). Autonomy and competence in German and American university students: A comparative study based on self-determination theory. Journal of Educational Psychology, 96(1), 68. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.96.1.68
Maunze, O. b. R., Abratt, R., & Mingione, M. (2020). Impact of Internal Branding on Student Engagement: Insights from a South African University. Services Marketing Quarterly, 41(2), 124-144.
Mehrabi, S., Mirzaee, R. F., Zamanzadeh, S., Navi, K., & Hashemipour, O. (2013). Design, analysis, and implementation of partial product reduction phase by using wide m: 3 (4≤ m≤ 10) compressors. International Journal of High Performance Systems Architecture, 4(4), 231-241.
Nieves, J., & Haller, S. (2014). Building dynamic capabilities through knowledge resources. Tourism Management, 40, 224-232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2013.06.010
Omar, I., & Chaudhry, M. S. (2019). University efforts for quality to ensure epistemological access. UMT Education Review, 2(1), 81-105. https://journals.umt.edu.pk/index.php/uer/article/view/158
Omar, I. & Arif, S. (2020). From epistemological, pedagogical access to student success: new framework for studying access to higher education. Research Journal of Social Sciences & Economics Review, 1(3), 45-55. https://doi.org/10.36902/rjsser-vol1-iss3-2020(45-55)
Quaye, S. J., Harper, S. R., & Pendakur, S. L. (2019). Student engagement in higher education: Theoretical perspectives and practical approaches for diverse populations: Routledge.
Quin, D. (2017). Longitudinal and contextual associations between teacher-student relationships and student engagement: A systematic review. Review of Educational Research, 87(2), 345-387. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654316669434
Roby, T., Ashe, S., Singh, N., & Clark, C. (2013). Shaping the online experience: How administrators can influence student and instructor perceptions through policy and practice. The Internet and Higher Education, 17, 29-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2012.09.004
Russell, B., & Slater, G. (2011). Factors that Encourage Student Engagement: Insights from a Case Study of First time' Students in a New Zealand University. Journal of University Teaching & Learning Practice, 8(1), 1-15.
Resick, C. J., Hargis, M. B., Shao, P., & Dust, S. B. (2013). Ethical leadership, moral equity judgments, and discretionary workplace behavior. Human relations, 66(7), 951-972.
Saks, A. M. (2019). Antecedents and consequences of employee engagement revisited. Journal of Organizational Effectiveness: People and Performance, 6(1), 19-38.
Scott, W. R., & Davis, G. F. (2015). Organizations and organizing: Rational, natural and open systems perspectives: Routledge.
Shernoff, D. J., Csikszentmihalyi, M., Schneider, B., & Shernoff, E. S. (2014). Student engagement in high school classrooms from the perspective of flow theory Applications of flow in human development and education (pp. 475-494): Springer.
Shuck, B., Reio Jr, T. G., & Rocco, T. S. (2011). Employee engagement: An examination of antecedent and outcome variables. Human resource development international, 14(4), 427-445.
Simons, M., Minson, S. E., Sladen, A., Ortega, F., Jiang, J., Owen, S. E., ... & Helmberger, D. V. (2011). The 2011 magnitude 9.0 Tohoku-Oki earthquake: Mosaicking the megathrust from seconds to centuries. science, 332(6036), 1421-1425.
Tight, M. (2020). Student retention and engagement in higher education. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 44(5), 689-704.
Trowler, V. (2010). Student engagement literature review. The higher education academy, 11(1), 1-15.
Tanak, H., Ağar, A. A., & Büyükgüngör, O. (2012). Quantum-chemical, spectroscopic and X-ray diffraction studies of (E)-2-[(2-Bromophenyl) iminomethyl]-4-trifluoromethoxyphenol. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 87, 15-24.
Simons, M., Minson, S. E., Sladen, A., Ortega, F., Jiang, J., Owen, S. E., ... & Helmberger, D. V. (2011). The 2011 magnitude 9.0 Tohoku-Oki earthquake: Mosaicking the megathrust from seconds to centuries. science, 332(6036), 1421-1425.
Victorino, C., Denson, N., Ing, M., & Nylund-Gibson, K. (2019). Comparing STEM Majors by Examining the Relationship between Student Perceptions of Campus Climate and Classroom Engagement. Journal of Hispanic Higher Education, 1538192719896343.
Westman, S., & Bergmark, U. (2019). Re-considering the onto epistemology of student engagement in higher education. Educational Philosophy and Theory, 51(8), 792-802. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131857.2018.1454309
Wolf-Wendel, L., Ward, K., & Kinzie, J. (2009). A tangled web of terms: The overlap and unique contribution of involvement, engagement, and integration to understanding college student success. Journal of College Student Development, 50(4), 407-428.
Zepke, N. (2018). Student engagement in neo-liberal times: what is missing? Higher Education Research & Development, 37(2), 433-446. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2017.1370440
Published
2020-12-23
How to Cite
Iqbal, J., & Asghar, A. (2020). Effect of University Administrative and Academic Processes on Student Engagement: An Empirical Evidence from Pakistan. UMT Education Review, 3(2), 85-109. https://doi.org/10.32350/uer.32.05
Issue
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
UER follows an open-access publishing policy and full text of all published articles is available free, immediately upon publication of an issue. The journal’s contents are published and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY 4.0) license. Thus, the work submitted to the journal implies that it is original, unpublished work of the authors (neither published previously nor accepted/under consideration for publication elsewhere). On acceptance of a manuscript for publication, a corresponding author on the behalf of all co-authors of the manuscript will sign and submit a completed Copyright and Author Consent Form.
Copyright (c) The Authors
