Nexus of Gender and Disability: An Intersectional Study on Shaping Lives of University Students

Keywords: disability, impairment, intersectionality, intersection of gender and disability, marginalize, physical disability, special needs, visual impairment

Abstract

Abstract Views: 65

The current study attempted to explore the intersection of gender and disability in university students. It was observed that how the nexus of gender and disability shapes lives. Disability poses many problems for each individual. However, in the context of Pakistani society, the intersection of disability with gender is not explored much. The purpose of this research was to understand the differences between girls and boys as they face disability. This was a qualitative study. The students of public and private sector universities of Lahore were interviewed in this phenomenological study. A total number of eight (8) students including 4 male and 4 female students with physical and visual disability were interviewed. The gender differences were examined through qualitative thematic content analysis. The findings showed that disability tends to effect the social inclusion of the people with special needs. The nexus of disability and gender marginalize women more as compared to men. Women lose confidence which, in turn, impacts their emotional and psychological well-being. The current study is one of the very few researches which explored the intersection of gender and disability among the university students of Lahore, Pakistan. On the basis of the findings, future research could be conducted on a bigger population and with different research designs. Additionally, this study is a step in the direction of raising awareness regarding the added issues faced by girls and women with disabilities.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Addlakha, R. (2007). How young people with disabilities conceptualize the body, sex and marriage in urban India: Four case studies. Sexuality and disability, 25(3), 111–123. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11195-007-9045-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11195-007-9045-9

Afzal, M. (1992). Disability prevalence and correlates in Pakistan: a demographic analysis. The Pakistan Development Review, 31(3), 217–257. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30541/v31i3pp.217-258

Ahmed, T. (2005). The population of persons with disabilities in Pakistan. Asia Pacific Population Journal, 10(1), 39–62.

Ahmed, M., Khan, A. B., & Nasem, F. (2011). Policies for special persons in Pakistan analysis of policy implementation. Berkeley Journal of Social Sciences, 1(2), 1–11.

Ahmed, T. (1993). Disabled population in Pakistan: Disabled statistics of neglected people (Sustainable Development Policy Institute Working Paper No. 13).

Ahmed, T. (1995). The population of persons with disabilities in Pakistan. Asia-Pacific Population Journal, 10(1), 39–62. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18356/2ba023a5-en

Anderson, R. (2007). Thematic content analysis (TCA). Descriptive presentation of qualitative data. http://rosemarieanderson.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/ThematicContentAnalysis.pdf

Arsh, A., & Darain, H. (2019). Persons with disabilities in Pakistan. Annals of Allied Health Sciences, 5(2), 1–2.

Batool, B. S., & Shehbaz, S. F. (2008). A study of the perceptions of the teachers of HIC about the capabilities of HIC [Unpublished master thesis]. University of Punjab.

Barton, L., & Tomlinson, S. (Eds.). (1981). Special education: Policy, practices and social issues. Harper & Row.

Benz, M. R., Doren, B., & Yovanoff, P. (1998). Crossing the great divide: Predicting productive engagement for young women with disabilities. Career Development for Exceptional Individuals, 21(1), 3–16. https://doi.org/10.1177/088572889802100102 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/088572889802100102

Bešić, E. (2020). Intersectionality: A pathway towards inclusive education? Prospects, 49(3), 111–122. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11125-020-09461-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11125-020-09461-6

Bickenbach, J. (2011). The world report on disability. Disability and Society, 26(5), 655–658. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2011.589198 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2011.589198

Brandt, E. N. Jr., & Pope, A. M. (Eds.). (1997). Enabling America: Assessing the role of rehabilitation science and engineering. National Academy Press.

Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa

British Council. (2014). Mainstreaming persons with disabilities in Pakistan. British Council. https://www.britishcouncil.pk/mainstreaming-persons-disability

Brown, R. L., & Moloney, M. E. (2019). Intersectionality, work, and well-being: The effects of gender and disability. Gender & Society, 33(1), 94–122. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243218800636 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243218800636

Calcraft, J. H. (2006). The effects of the stigma of leprosy on the income generation of leprosy affected people in the Terai area of South East Nepal. Asia Pacific Disability Rehabilitation Journal, 17(2), 73–89.

Carson, D., Gilmore, A., Perry, C., & Gronhaug, K. (2001). Qualitative marketing research. Sage Publications. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781849209625

Daly, J., Kellehear, A., & Gliksman, M. (1997). The public health researcher: A methodological guide. Oxford University Press.

Dejong, G. (1979). Independent living: From social movement to analytic paradigm. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 60(10), 435–436.

Dhungana, B. M. (2006). The lives of disabled women in Nepal: vulnerability without support. Disability & Society, 21(2), 133–146. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687590500498051 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09687590500498051

Disabled World. (2021, August 8). Definitions of disability. https://www.disabled-world.com/definitions/disability-definitions.php

Doren, B., & Benz, M. (2001). Gender equity issues in the vocational and transition services and employment outcomes experienced by young women with disabilities. In H. Rousso & M. L. Wehmeyer (Eds.), Double jeopardy: Addressing gender equity in special education (pp. 289–312). SUNY Press.

Etikan, I., Musa, S. A., & Alkassim, R. S. (2016). Comparison of convenience sampling and purposive sampling. American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics, 5(1), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajtas.20160501.11 DOI: https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajtas.20160501.11

Finkelstein, V. (1993). Disability: A social challenge or an administrative responsibility. In Disabling barriers—Enabling environments (pp. 34–43). Sage Publications.

Fontana, D., & Lari, Z. (2001). The curriculum in special needs education in Pakistani schools. International Journal of Special Education, 16(1), 21–41.

Forber-Pratt, A. J., Merrin, G. J., & Espelage, D. L. (2021). Exploring the intersections of disability, race, and gender on student outcomes in high school. Remedial and Special Education, 42(5), 290–303. https://doi.org/10.1177/0741932520941201 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0741932520941201

Gillborn, D. (2015). Intersectionality, critical race theory, and the primacy of racism: Race, class, gender, and disability in education. Qualitative Inquiry, 21(3), 277–287. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800414557827 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800414557827

Gul, R. (2020). Disability policies in Pakistan: The way forward. Pakistan Journal of Applied Social Sciences, 11(1), 57–72. DOI: https://doi.org/10.46568/pjass.v11i1.436

Habib, S. (Ed.). (2009). Islam and homosexuality (Vol. 2). ABC-CLIO.

Hahn, H. (1993). The political implications of disability definitions and data. Journal of Disability Policy Studies, 4(2), 41–52. https://doi.org/10.1177/104420739300400203 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/104420739300400203

Hannaford, S. (1989). Women, disability and society. Interface. 10–12.

Hammad, T., & Singal, N. (2015). Education of women with disabilities in Pakistan: Enhanced agency, unfulfilled aspirations. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 19(12), 1244–1264. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2015.1043962 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2015.1043962

Hayes, J., & Hannold, E. L. M. (2007). The road to empowerment: A historical perspective on the medicalization of disability. Journal of Health and Human Services Administration, 30(3), 352–377.

Hiranandani, V., & Sonpal, D. (2010). Disability, economic globalization and privatization: A case study of India. Disability Studies Quarterly, 30, 3–4. https://doi.org/10.18061/dsq.v30i3/4.1272 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18061/dsq.v30i3/4.1272

Horner-Johnson, W. (2021). Disability, intersectionality, and inequity: Life at the margins. In Public health perspectives on disability (pp. 91–105). Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-0888-3_4

Hosain, G. M., Atkinson, D., & Underwood, P. (2002). Impact of disability on quality of life of rural disabled people in Bangladesh. Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition, 20(4), 297–305.

Leonardi, M., Bickenbach, J., Ustun, T. B., Kostanjsek, N., & Chatterji, S. (2006). The definition of disability: What is in a name? The Lancet, 368(9543), 1219–1221. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69498-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69498-1

Lindstrom, L. E., Benz, M. R., & Doren, B. (2004). Expanding career options for young women with learning disabilities. Career Development for Exceptional Individuals, 27(1), 43–63. https://doi.org/10.1177/088572880402700104 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/088572880402700104

Lindstrom, L. E., & Benz, M. R. (2002). Phases of career development: Case studies of young women with learning disabilities. Exceptional Children, 69(1), 67–83. https://doi.org/10.1177/001440290206900105 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/001440290206900105

Lonsdale, S. (1990). Women and disability: The experience of physical disability among women. Macmillan International Higher Education. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-20893-7

Maqbool, S. (2003). The situation of disabled women in South Asia. In Women, disability and identity (pp. 188–198). Sage Publications.

McQueen, M. (2002). Language and power in nonprofit/for-profit relationships: a grounded theory of inter-sectoral collaboration [Doctoral dissertation, University of Technology]. Open Publications for UTS Scholars. https://opus.lib.uts.edu.au/handle/2100/319

Mehrotra, N. (2004). Women, disability and social support in rural Haryana. Economic and Political Weekly, 39(52), 5640–5644.

Miles, M. (1998). Development of community-based rehabilitation in Pakistan: bringing mental handicap into focus. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 45(4), 431–448. https://doi.org/10.1080/1034912980450406 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1034912980450406

Mitra, S., & Sambamoorthi, U. (2006). Employment of persons with disabilities: Evidence from the National Sample Survey. Economic and Political Weekly, 41(3), 199–203.

Myers, J. K. (1965). Consequences and prognoses of disability. In Sociology and rehabilitation (pp. 35–51). American Sociology Association.

Naples, N. A., Mauldin, L., & Dillaway, H. (2019). From the guest editors: Gender, disability, and intersectionality. Gender & Society, 33(1), 5–18. http://doi.org/10.1177/0891243218813309 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243218813309

Naqvi, H. (2013, December 13). Special education: Children with disabilities need inclusive schools. Express Tribune. https://tribune.com.pk/story/644828/special-education-children-with-disabilities-need-inclusive-schools

Razzaq, S., & Rathore, F. A. (2020). Disability in Pakistan: Past experiences, current situation and future directions. 7(12A), Article e2084. https://www.jpma.org.pk/PdfDownload/10236

Rieser, R. (2012). Implementing inclusive education: A commonwealth guide to implementing article 24 of the UN convention on the rights of persons with disabilities. Commonwealth Secretariat.

Sajjad, S. (2007). Nature and environment of jobs for employees with disabilities. Pakistan Journal of Special Education, 7, 85–96.

Schur, L. (2002). The difference a job makes: The effects of employment among people with disabilities. Journal of Economic Issues, 36(2), 339–347. https://doi.org/10.1080/00213624.2002.11506476 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00213624.2002.11506476

Singal, N., Salifu, E. M., Iddrisu, K., Casely-Hayford, L., & Lundebye, H. (2015). The impact of education in shaping lives: Reflections of young people with disabilities in Ghana. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 19(9), 908–925. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2015.1018343 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2015.1018343

Malik, R., Raza, F., Rose, P., & Singal, N. (2020). Are children with disabilities in school and learning? Evidence from a household survey in rural Punjab, Pakistan. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 52(2), 211–231. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057925.2020.1749993 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03057925.2020.1749993

Singal, N., Sabates, R., Aslam, M., & Saeed, S. (2020). School enrolment and learning outcomes for children with disabilities: findings from a household survey in Pakistan. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 24(13), 1410–1430. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2018.1531944 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2018.1531944

Sobsey, D., Randall, W., & Parrila, R. K. (1997). Gender differences in abused children with and without disabilities. Child Abuse & Neglect, 21(8), 707–720. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(97)00033-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(97)00033-1

Teferra, T. (2005). Disability in Ethiopia: Issues, insights, and implications. Addis Ababa University Press.

Tomlinson, S. (2012). A sociology of special education (RLE Edu M). Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203126592

Thomas, M. J., & M. J. Thomas. (2002a). Status of women with disabilities in South Asia. In M. Thomas & M. J. Thomas (Eds.), Selected readings in community-based rehabilitation series (pp. 27–34). CBR & Inclusive Development (DCID).

Thomas, M. J., & M. J. Thomas. (2002b). An overview of disability issues in South Asia.” Asian Pacific Disability Journal, 13(2), 62–84.

Ullah, M. A., Husseni, A. M., & Mahmood, S. U. (2017). Consanguineous marriages and their detrimental outcomes in Pakistan: An urgent need for appropriate measures. International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health, 5(1), 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20175757 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20175757

UNICEF. (2008). Child sexual abuse and commercial sexual exploitation of children in the Pacific: A regional report. https://documentation.lastradainternational.org/lsidocs/296%20Pacific%20CSEC%20report.pdf

Upadhayay, N. B., & Kakar, Q. (2021). Access to schools and learning outcomes of children with disabilities in Pakistan: findings from a household survey in four administrative units. International Journal of Inclusive Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2021.2008535 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2021.2008535

Vaismoradi, M., Jones, J., Turunen, H., & Snelgrove, S. (2016). Theme development in qualitative content analysis and thematic analysis. Journal of Nursing Education and Practice, 6(5), 100–110. https://doi.org/10.5430/jnep.v6n5p100 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5430/jnep.v6n5p100

Waqar, K. (2014). Disability: Situation in Pakistan. https://itacec.org/document/gaw/gaw2014/2.%20Disability%20Pages%202.pdf

World Health Organization. (2011). World report on disability. https://www.who.int/teams/noncommunicable-diseases/sensory-functions-disability-and-rehabilitation/world-report-on-disability

Willis, J. (2007). History and foundations of interpretivist research. In Foundations of qualitative research: Interpretive and critical approaches (pp. 95–146). SAGE Publications, Inc.

Zaman, M. Q. (1999). Religious education and the rhetoric of reform: The Madrasa in British India and Pakistan. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 41(2), 294–323. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0010417599002091 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0010417599002091

Published
2023-06-22
How to Cite
Amjad, Z., Salahuddin, A., & Shaukat, R. (2023). Nexus of Gender and Disability: An Intersectional Study on Shaping Lives of University Students. UMT Education Review, 6(1), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.32350/10.32350/uer.61.01
Section
Articles