Psychometric Validation: The Self-Reflection and Insight Scale for Adults
Keywords:
Self-Reflection, Insight, Urdu Adaptation, Psychometric Validation, SRIS, MetacognitionAbstract
The original SRIS (Grant et al., 2002) was translated into Urdu by using guidelines of Beaten et al. (2000) Cross-Cultural Adaptation of Self-Report Measures, it was given to a sample of 300 individuals (aged 18-30). Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) validated the scale's three-component model. A clean factor structure was produced by the analysis, and factor loadings for each item ranged from roughly .86 to .89, demonstrating high correlations between the factors and the items. The first factor explained 22.98% of the variation, and the extracted factors explained 78.11% of the cumulative variance. The model fit indices, which were χ²/df 1.180, GFI .940, AGFI .924, CFI .994, IFI .994, and RMSEA .025, showed a good match to the data. The degree of internal consistency was great .84 in total (α = .86 Engagement, α = .86 for Self-Reflection Need, and α = .87 for Insight). Additionally, the scale showed respectable levels of convergent validity and composite reliability. Strong criterion-related validity was demonstrated by the Urdu version of SRIS, which had significant negative correlations with measures of social anxiety and felt stress and positive correlations with mindfulness and self-consciousness. The removal of language barrier contributed inclusivity in testing and research. This validation allowed the world for cross-cultural comparison. In the areas like personality development, education, and counselling the valid Urdu version will help in research. These results imply that the Urdu-translated SRIS is a reliable psychometric tool for self-awareness in Urdu-speaking communities.
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References
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Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1985). The Self-Consciousness Scale: A Revised Version for Use
with General Populations. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 15(8), 687–699.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1985.tb02268.x
Schon, D. (1983). The Reflective Practitioner: How Professionals Think in Action. Basic Books.
Schumacher, R. E., & Lomax, R. G. (2010). A Beginner’s Guide to Structural Equation
Modeling (3rd ed.). Routledge.
Trapnell, P. D., & Campbell, J. D. (1999). Private Self-Consciousness and the Five-Factor Model
of Personality: Distinguishing Rumination from Reflection. Journal of Personality and
Social Psychology, 76(2), 284-304. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.76.2.284.
Wang, L. (2023). How Self-Reflection and Resilience can Affect Pre-Competition Anxiety?
Evidence from National Competitive Table Tennis in Adolescent Players. Curr Psychol 42,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-02473-1
Zia, F., Naseem, A., & Safdar., S. (2024). The Role of Critical Reflection in Online Teaching.
Pakistan Social Sciences Review, 8(3), 66-74. https://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2024(8-III)05
of Depression, Anxiety and Stress among University Students. Pak J Med
Sci, 36(5), 971-976. doi: 10.12669/pjms.36.5.1873.
Aukes, L. C., Geertsma, J., Cohen-Schotanus, J., Zwierstra, R. P., & Slaets, J. P. (2007). The
Development of a Scale to Measure Personal Reflection in Medical Practice and
Education Medical Teacher, 29(2–3), 177-182. https://doi.org/10.1080/0142159
0701252951
Aziz, A., Mahboob, U., & Saleem, T. (2020). Benefits of Reflective Writing in Health Care
through the Vivid Lens of House Officers. Med Ed Publish, 9(1),
10.15694/mep.2020.000060.1.
Beck, A. T., Baruch, E., Balter, J. M., Steer, R. A., & Warman, D. M. (2004). A New Instrument
for Measuring Insight: The Beck Cognitive Insight Scale. Schizophrenia Research,
1;68(2-3), 319–329. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0920-9964(03)00189-0
Brown, K.W. & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in
psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(4), 822-848.
doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.822
Cabrera-Nguyen, P. (2010). Author Guidelines for Reporting Scale Development and
Validation Results. Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research, 1(2),99-103.
doi:10.5243/jsswr.2010.8
Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1998). On the self-regulation of behavior. New York: Cambridge
University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139174794
Carr, S. E., Johnson, P. H. (2013). Does Self Reflection and Insight Correlate with Academic
Performance in Medical Students. BMC Med Educ 13(113). https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-
6920-13-113
Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A Global Measure of Perceived Stress.
Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24(4), 385-396. https://doi.org/10.2307/2136404
Fenigstein, A., Scheier, M. F., & Buss, A. H. (1975). Public and Private Self-Consciousness:
Assessment and Theory. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 43(4), 522–527.
https://doi.org/10.1037/h0076760
Grant, A. M., Franklin, J., & Langford, P. (2002). The Self-Reflection and Insight
Scale: A New Measure of Private Self-Consciousness. Social Behavior and
Personality: An International Journal, 30(8), 821-836. https://doi.org/10.2224
/sbp.2002.30.8.821
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2006). Multivariate
Data Analysis (6th ed.). Pearson.
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff Criteria for fit indices in Covariance Structure Analysis:
Conventional Criteria Versus New Alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1–55.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
Lyke, J. A. (2009). Insight, but Not Self-Reflection, is Related to Subjective Well-Being.
Personality and Individual, 46(1), 66-70. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.
1016/j.paid.2008.09.010
Majolo, M., Gomes, W. B., & DeCastro, T. G. (2023). Self-Consciousness and Self-Awareness:
Associations between Stable and Transitory Levels of Evidence. Behav Sci (Basel),13(2),
117. doi: 10.3390/bs13020117. PMID: 36829345; PMCID: PMC9952303.
Marques, D., Pinheiro, M. R., Matos, A. P., & Marques, C. (2014). Confirmatory Factor Analysis
of the QRI Father’s Version in a Portuguese Sample of Adolescents. Procedia–Social and
Behavioral Sciences, 165, 267-274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.12.631
Mattick, R. P., & Clarke, J. C. (1998). Development and Validation of Measures of Social Phobia
Scrutiny Fear and Social Interaction Anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36(4),
455-470. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(97)10031-6
Moon, J. A. (2004). A Handbook of Reflective and Experiential Learning: Theory and Practice.
Routledge. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780203416150
/handbook-reflective-experiential-learning-jennifer-moon
Mufti, S., Jamil, B., Mufti, A. A., & Baseer, S. (2025). Reflective Practices among Postgraduate
Medical Students to Improve their Learning Outcomes: A Qualitative Exploratory
Study. Liaquat National Journal of Primary Care, 7(1), 46-50. doi: https://doi.org/10.
37184/lnjpc.2707-3521.7.28
Muhammad, Y., Waqar, Y., & Safdar. S., (2024). Evaluating The Quality of Student Reflections
in Peace Education Classroom Taught with Pedagogy of Discomfort. Journal of Social
Research Development, 5(2), 195-206. https://doi.org/10.53664/JSRD/05-02-2024-16-
195-206
Ong, D. J., Aslam, S., & Amjad, A. I. (2024). Interactive Tablets: Catalyzing Engaged
Science Learning in English Instruction. World Journal of English Language, 14(5), 413-
423. https://doi.org/10.5430/wjel.v14n5p413
Qamar, K., Kiran, F., Zubair, U. B., & Tayyab, A. (2022). Using Pensieve: Guiding and Evaluating
a Learning Session on Reflections. Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons
Pakistan, 35(12). doi: 10.29271/jcpsp.2022.01.125
Robert, C., & Stark, P. (2008). Readiness for Self-Directed Change in Professional Behaviors:
Factorial Validation of the Self-Reflection and Insight Scale. Medical Education, 42(11),
1054-63. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2923.2008.03156.x.
Rodgers, C. (2002). Defining Reflection: Another Look at John Dewey and Reflective Thinking.
Teachers College Record, 104(4), 842–866. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9620.00181
Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1985). The Self-Consciousness Scale: A Revised Version for Use
with General Populations. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 15(8), 687–699.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1985.tb02268.x
Schon, D. (1983). The Reflective Practitioner: How Professionals Think in Action. Basic Books.
Schumacher, R. E., & Lomax, R. G. (2010). A Beginner’s Guide to Structural Equation
Modeling (3rd ed.). Routledge.
Trapnell, P. D., & Campbell, J. D. (1999). Private Self-Consciousness and the Five-Factor Model
of Personality: Distinguishing Rumination from Reflection. Journal of Personality and
Social Psychology, 76(2), 284-304. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.76.2.284.
Wang, L. (2023). How Self-Reflection and Resilience can Affect Pre-Competition Anxiety?
Evidence from National Competitive Table Tennis in Adolescent Players. Curr Psychol 42,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-02473-1
Zia, F., Naseem, A., & Safdar., S. (2024). The Role of Critical Reflection in Online Teaching.
Pakistan Social Sciences Review, 8(3), 66-74. https://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2024(8-III)05
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Published
2026-07-06
How to Cite
Munawar, N., & Kazmi, S. F. (2026). Psychometric Validation: The Self-Reflection and Insight Scale for Adults. Clinical and Counselling Psychology Review, 8(1). Retrieved from https://journals.umt.edu.pk/index.php/CCPR/article/view/7483
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